{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:55:25Z","timestamp":1791939325558,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013321","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000}}],"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sunrise Wind"},{"name":"Edward W. Rose Postdoctoral Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Anthropogenic noise has increased ambient sound levels across the globe, both underwater and on land. Among its many negative impacts, heightened noise can impair communication in vocal animals through acoustic masking. Conceptually, noise reduces the animal\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>communication space<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013 the area in which an individual animal can effectively convey information to a conspecific listener. Previous studies have estimated the communication space using sound propagation models and\/or behavioral studies. However, studies frequently equate signal recognition with signal detection \u2013 a necessary but not sufficient precondition \u2013 thereby persistently overestimating spatial coverage and underestimating anthropogenic impacts. Measuring communication is inherently difficult, and varies with taxa, call type, and context, leading to significant data gaps in key parameters. We propose that deep learning creates an opportunity to estimate biologically-relevant communication, even for data-limited species. In particular, we present a case study with the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (\n                    <jats:italic>Eubalaena glacialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; hereafter NARW). Prior research has demonstrated that the upcall \u2013 a low-frequency contact call produced across ages and sexes \u2013 encodes individual identity. We therefore consider a dataset of NARW vocalizations recorded with on-animal archival tags, spanning 234 samples across 11 individuals from 3 sites. First, we demonstrate that audio embeddings from the BirdNET model can robustly distinguish individual right whales. Then, we simulate the effect of varying ambient noise levels to estimate signal excess for both signal detection and individual identification, finding that an additional \u22657 dB is necessary for the model to distinguish individuals. Altogether, we hope this work provides both a methodological advance for individual identification and a framework for better understanding anthropogenic impacts on vocal wildlife.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:35:17Z","timestamp":1782848117000},"page":"e1013321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection, communication, and individual identification with deep audio embeddings: A case study with North Atlantic right whales"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-7283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irina","family":"Tolkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Klinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-4206","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana A.","family":"Cusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"K\u00fcgler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-627X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan E.","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013321.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.08.002","article-title":"The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms","volume":"25","author":"JR Barber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013321.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00437","article-title":"Noiseonomics: the relationship between ambient noise levels in the sea and global economic trends","volume":"2","author":"GV Frisk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1013321.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08353","article-title":"Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean","volume":"395","author":"J Hildebrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013321.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147104.84424.24","article-title":"Traffic noise and risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"16","author":"W Babisch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1013321.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu030","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise exposure","volume":"35","author":"T M\u00fcnzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"pcbi.1013321.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00578","article-title":"Does noise affect learning? 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