{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:03:18Z","timestamp":1792738998416,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013379","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALLRP 597254-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 597254-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Modern chemical manufacturing, on which human quality of life depends, is unsustainable; alternative production routes must be developed. Electrochemical and biological processes offer promise for upgrading waste streams, including recalcitrant carbon dioxide and plastic-derived wastes. However, the inherent heterogeneity and high energy requirements of upcycling the chemical endpoints of the \u201ctake-make-waste\" economy remain challenging.\n                    <jats:italic>Cupriavidus necator<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an emergent catalyst for complex feedstock valorization because of its extreme metabolic flexibility, which allows it to utilize a wide array of substrates, and its ability to use carbon dioxide via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle.\n                    <jats:italic>C. necator<\/jats:italic>\n                    natively oxidizes hydrogen to power carbon utilization, but its flexibility offers an as-yet unexplored opportunity to couple waste stream oxidation with carbon dioxide utilization instead, potentially enabling carbon conservative waste upcycling. Here, we uncover the constraints on carbon conservative chemical transformation using\n                    <jats:italic>C. necator<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a model. We systematically examine the carbon yield and thermodynamic feasibility of mixotrophic scenarios combining waste-derived carbon sources with hydrogen oxidation to power carbon reassimilation. Then, we evaluate carbon-carbon mixotrophic scenarios, with one carbon source providing electrons in place of hydrogen oxidation. We show that both hydrogen and ethylene glycol are feasible electron sources to drive carbon-neutral or carbon-negative mixotrophic upgrading of waste streams such as acetate or butyrate. In contrast, we find that carbon conservation is likely infeasible for most other waste-derived carbon sources. This work provides a roadmap to establishing novel\n                    <jats:italic>C. necator<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains capable of carbon efficient waste upcycling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T17:50:07Z","timestamp":1756230607000},"page":"e1013379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mixotrophy for carbon-conserving waste upcycling"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5075-841X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Weldon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-2343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Euler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1013379.ref001","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 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Contributions to Economics. 2023. p. 59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-27982-9_5\/FIGURES\/4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27982-9_5"},{"key":"pcbi.1013379.ref005","unstructured":"Energy Information Administration US. 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