{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:54:26Z","timestamp":1789570466313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1351892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1351892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000913","name":"James S. McDonnell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Understanding Human Cognition Scholar Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Understanding Human Cognition Scholar Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005801","name":"Facebook","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Artificial Intelligence Research award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Artificial Intelligence Research award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AnalytiXIN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Shape perception is central to human vision, but its developmental origins remain unknown. Here we show that shape perception develops from three ingredients: (1) generic fitting systems, (2) embodied visual experiences, and (3) biologically plausible sensors. We first show that generic fitting models (transformers) trained on embodied visual experiences change from color-based to shape-based visual systems. We then perform\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    controlled-rearing experiments to determine what causes this developmental change. We find that view diversity\u2014experiencing many views of the same object\u2014produces shape perception. For embodied agents, view diversity comes for free: by moving through the world, agents acquire diverse temporally linked views, explaining how and why animals develop shape perception so rapidly. But when view diversity is restricted, by limiting where an agent can look or move, shape perception fails to develop. Finally, we show that retinas naturally transform images in ways that enhance shape learning, providing a biologically plausible substitute for artificial image augmentations. Together, our results support generic fitting theories of brain development and provide a template for building human-like shape perception in machines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T18:34:57Z","timestamp":1765823697000},"page":"e1013674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Computational origins of shape perception"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0738-8747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lalit","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2219-0285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha M. W.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin N.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.2.115","article-title":"Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding","volume":"94","author":"I Biederman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(84)90022-2","article-title":"Parts of recognition","volume":"18","author":"DD Hoffman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262514620.001.0001","volume-title":"Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information","author":"D Marr","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(73)90175-6","article-title":"Biological shape and visual science. I","volume":"38","author":"H Blum","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1401_3","article-title":"Principles of Object Perception","volume":"14","author":"ES Spelke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.18.1.121","article-title":"Size invariance in visual object priming","volume":"18","author":"I Biederman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00113-E","article-title":"Evidence for a neural mechanism that encodes angles","volume":"36","author":"D Regan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1163\/156856894X00017","article-title":"Discrimination of geometric angle in the fronto-parallel plane","volume":"8","author":"HP Snippe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"issue":"5759","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121739","article-title":"Core knowledge of geometry in an Amazonian indigene group","volume":"311","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref010","volume-title":"Development of perception in infancy: The cradle of knowledge revisited","author":"ME Arterberry","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614528955","article-title":"Newly hatched chicks solve the visual binding problem","volume":"25","author":"JN Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"34","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14000","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308246110","article-title":"Newborn chickens generate invariant object representations at the onset of visual object experience","volume":"110","author":"JN Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2014(88)90014-7","article-title":"The importance of shape in early lexical learning","volume":"3","author":"B Landau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cogn Dev"},{"issue":"35","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12127","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0573-15.2015","article-title":"Comparison of Object Recognition Behavior in Human and Monkey","volume":"35","author":"R Rajalingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811583106","article-title":"A rodent model for the study of invariant visual object recognition","volume":"106","author":"D Zoccolan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.18.4.387","article-title":"Discrimination of contour-deleted images by pigeons","volume":"18","author":"LJ Van Hamme","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147106","article-title":"Object recognition in flight: how do bees distinguish between 3D shapes?","volume":"11","author":"A Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref018","volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology","author":"K Koffka","year":"1935"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190618247.001.0001","volume-title":"What Babies Know: Core Knowledge and Composition Volume 1","author":"AES Spelke","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1519","article-title":"\u201cBreaking\u201d position-invariant object recognition","volume":"8","author":"DD Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1068\/p5778","article-title":"Learning sequence of views of three-dimensional objects: the effect of temporal coherence on object memory","volume":"36","author":"T Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00301-5","article-title":"Object recognition using spatiotemporal signatures","volume":"38","author":"JV Stone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.02.002","article-title":"Rotation direction affects object recognition","volume":"44","author":"QC Vuong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/9.7.6","article-title":"Learning illumination- and orientation-invariant representations of objects through temporal association","volume":"9","author":"G Wallis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071028598","article-title":"Effects of temporal association on recognition memory","volume":"98","author":"G Wallis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.02.006","article-title":"Greater sensitivity to nonaccidental than metric shape properties in preschool children","volume":"97","author":"O Amir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2524.001.0001","volume-title":"A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action","author":"E Thelen","year":"1994"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160028","article-title":"Unsupervised natural experience rapidly alters invariant object representation in visual cortex","volume":"321","author":"N Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"48","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112895108","article-title":"Statistical learning of visual transitions in monkey inferotemporal cortex","volume":"108","author":"T Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref030","article-title":"Intriguing properties of generative classifiers","author":"P Jaini","year":"2024"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref031","first-page":"54199","article-title":"Curriculum learning with infant egocentric videos","volume":"36","author":"S Sheybani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00802-0","article-title":"Learning high-level visual representations from a child\u2019s perspective without strong inductive biases","volume":"6","author":"AE Orhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref033","volume-title":"Neural darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection","author":"GM Edelman","year":"1987"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0106","article-title":"Dynamic Systems Theories.","author":"E Thelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.002","article-title":"Direct Fit to Nature: An Evolutionary Perspective on Biological and Artificial Neural Networks","volume":"105","author":"U Hasson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref036","article-title":"Digital twin studies for reverse engineering the origins of visual intelligence","volume":"36","author":"JN Wood","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref037","article-title":"Mini-evolutions as the origins of knowledge","volume-title":"Handbook of Perception and Development","author":"JN Wood"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.010","article-title":"How does the brain solve visual object recognition?","volume":"73","author":"JJ DiCarlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.2.194","article-title":"Learning invariance from transformation sequences","volume":"3","author":"P F\u00f6ldi\u00e1k","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1519","article-title":"\u2018Breaking\u2019 position-invariant object recognition.","volume":"8","author":"DD Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00054-8","article-title":"Invariant face and object recognition in the visual system","volume":"51","author":"G Wallis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602317318938","article-title":"Slow Feature Analysis: Unsupervised Learning of Invariances","volume":"14","author":"L Wiskott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref043","article-title":"Time to augment self-supervised visual representation learning","author":"A Aubret","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv.org"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref044","first-page":"73104","article-title":"Are vision transformers more data hungry than newborn visual systems?","volume":"36","author":"L Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref045","first-page":"4","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis - connecting the branches of systems neuroscience","volume":"2","author":"N Kriegeskorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref046","article-title":"Visualizing Data using t-SNE","author":"L Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref047","unstructured":"UT Egocentric Dataset. https:\/\/vision.cs.utexas.edu\/projects\/egocentric_data\/UT_Egocentric_Dataset.html"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref048","article-title":"Understanding the Benefits of Image Augmentations","author":"M Iceland","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45679-0","article-title":"Improved modeling of human vision by incorporating robustness to blur in convolutional neural networks.","volume":"15","author":"H Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao J, Edstedt J, Felsberg M, Wang D, Lu H. Leveraging the Power of Data Augmentation for Transformer-Based Tracking. 2024:6469\u201378.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00634"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4635","article-title":"Seeing faces is necessary for face-domain formation","volume":"20","author":"MJ Arcaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040546","article-title":"Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior.","volume":"56","author":"R Held","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref053","first-page":"129","article-title":"Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat\u2019s striate cortex.","author":"DH Hubel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat\u2019s striate cortex. University of California Press"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3263.80.b","article-title":"Behavior of light- and dark-reared rats on a visual cliff","volume":"126","author":"RD Walk","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1324","article-title":"Pathways of the past: the imprint of memory","volume":"5","author":"G Horn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2012.654772","article-title":"Core knowledge of object, number, and geometry: a comparative and neural approach","volume":"29","author":"G Vallortigara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref057","article-title":"Controlled-rearing studies of newborn chicks and deep neural networks","author":"D Lee","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref058","article-title":"Toddler-inspired visual object learning","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"S Bambach","year":"2018"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00863-1","article-title":"Automated construction of cognitive maps with visual predictive coding","volume":"6","author":"J Gornet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"issue":"5588","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/264705a0","article-title":"Selective stabilisation of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks","volume":"264","author":"JP Changeux","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref061","article-title":"A Generalist Agent","author":"S Reed","year":"2022"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref062","article-title":"Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning","author":"J-B Alayrac","year":"2022"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref063","article-title":"Perceiver: General perception with iterative attention","author":"A Jaegle","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref064","article-title":"The neuroconnectionist research programme","author":"A Doerig","year":"2022"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37180-x","article-title":"Catalyzing next-generation artificial intelligence through neuroai","volume":"14","author":"A Zador","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0520-2","article-title":"A deep learning framework for neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"BA Richards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4244","article-title":"Using goal-driven deep learning models to understand sensory cortex","volume":"19","author":"DLK Yamins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7553","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref069","unstructured":"Schneider F, Xu X, Ernst MR, Yu Z, Triesch J. Contrastive Learning Through Time. 2021."},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01153-y","article-title":"How to build a cognitive map","volume":"25","author":"JCR Whittington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"34","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219150120","article-title":"Building transformers from neurons and astrocytes","volume":"120","author":"L Kozachkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.08.006","article-title":"Transformers and cortical waves: encoders for pulling in context across time","volume":"47","author":"L Muller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012600","article-title":"Parallel development of object recognition in newborn chicks and deep neural networks","volume":"20","author":"L Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref074"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref075"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref076"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00181769","article-title":"Count and density of human retinal photoreceptors","volume":"230","author":"J Jonas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref078","article-title":"Conclusions about neural network to brain alignment are profoundly impacted by the similarity measure","author":"A Soni","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.3390\/app13095521","article-title":"Comparing vision transformers and convolutional neural networks for image classification: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"J Maur\u00edcio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72254-w","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison between vision transformers and convolutional neural networks for face recognition tasks","volume":"14","author":"M Rodrigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02105-8","article-title":"Comparison of Vision Transformers and Convolutional Neural Networks in Medical Image Analysis: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"S Takahashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53147-y","article-title":"A large-scale examination of inductive biases shaping high-level visual representation in brains and machines","volume":"15","author":"C Conwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref083","unstructured":"Pandey L, Wood SMW, Wood JN. Common visual learning constraints in transformers and newborn brains: Evidence from line drawings. in (The First Workshop on NeuroAI @ NeurIPS2024, 2024)."},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref084"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref085","first-page":"23885","article-title":"Partial success in closing the gap between human and machine vision.","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"R Geirhos","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6698","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk9587","article-title":"Impact of early visual experience on later usage of color cues","volume":"384","author":"M Vogelsang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7337","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09818","article-title":"Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina","volume":"471","author":"KL Briggman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195334654.001.0001","volume-title":"How Animals See the World: Comparative Behavior, Biology, and Evolution of Vision","author":"OF Lazareva","year":"2012"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref089","article-title":"Emergent Properties of Foveated Perceptual Systems","author":"A Deza","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref090","article-title":"On the use of Cortical Magnification and Saccades as Biological Proxies for Data Augmentation.","author":"B Wang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(87)90104-4","article-title":"Form and function in retinal processing","volume":"10","author":"SB Laughlin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"6243","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/341643a0","article-title":"Cortical magnification factor and the ganglion cell density of the primate retina","volume":"341","author":"H W\u00e4ssle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(84)90041-5","article-title":"The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: asymmetries, anisotropies, and individual variability","volume":"24","author":"DC Van Essen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38564-9","article-title":"Detailed characterization of neural selectivity in free viewing primates","volume":"14","author":"JL Yates","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref095","article-title":"CoAtNet: Marrying Convolution and Attention for All Data Sizes","author":"Z Dai","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref096","article-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"A Dosovitskiy","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref097","first-page":"26183","article-title":"You only look at one sequence: Rethinking transformer in vision through object detection","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Y Fang","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref098","first-page":"538","article-title":"Tokens-to-Token ViT: Training Vision Transformers from Scratch on ImageNet.","author":"L Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Montreal, QC, Canada: IEEE"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35479","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3266093","article-title":"Object Detection Using Deep Learning, CNNs and Vision Transformers: A Review","volume":"11","author":"AB Amjoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref100","article-title":"Don\u2019t trust your eyes: on the (un)reliability of feature visualizations","author":"R Geirhos","year":"2024"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref101","article-title":"Privileged representational axes in biological and artificial neural networks","author":"M Khosla","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2346153","article-title":"Retinomorphic Event-Based Vision Sensors: Bioinspired Cameras With Spiking Output","volume":"102","author":"C Posch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1013674.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(90)90173-I","article-title":"Development of visual sensitivity to light and color vision in human infants: a critical review","volume":"30","author":"AM Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref104","unstructured":"Lu Z, Thorat S, Cichy RM, Kietzmann TC. Getting into shape: the impact of early visual development on object recognition. 2025."},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref105","first-page":"402","article-title":"RAFT: recurrent all-pairs field transforms for optical flow","volume-title":"European Conf. Comput. Vis","author":"Z Teed","year":"2020"},{"key":"pcbi.1013674.ref106","article-title":"Emergent properties of foveated perceptual systems","author":"A Deza","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T18:35:10Z","timestamp":1765823710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013674"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Hjortkj\u00e6r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013674","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]}}}