{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:02:31Z","timestamp":1790359351879,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004189","name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041048, U01DA050989, U01DA051016, U01DA041022, U01DA051018, U01DA051037, U01DA050987, U01DA041174, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050988, U01DA051039, U01DA041156, U01DA041025, U01DA041120, U01DA051038, U01DA041148, U01DA041093, U01DA041089, U24DA041123, U24DA041147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041048, U01DA050989, U01DA051016, U01DA041022, U01DA051018, U01DA051037, U01DA050987, U01DA041174, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050988, U01DA051039, U01DA041156, U01DA041025, U01DA041120, U01DA051038, U01DA041148, U01DA041093, U01DA041089, U24DA041123, U24DA041147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inhibitory control is a core cognitive function whose competence varies across the population, with impairments often observed in psychiatric conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The Stop Signal Task (SST) is a widely used paradigm for assessing this ability. However, conventional formalizations of SST performance, such as the independent race model, rely on assumptions that are frequently violated in modern experimental designs. Furthermore, they typically fit only mean reaction times, overlooking crucial trial-by-trial dynamics. To address these limitations, we formalize the SST as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). This framework characterizes inhibitory control with two components: noisy perceptual inference regarding stimuli and optimal control balanced against potential costs. To fit this model to the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study baseline cohort (N\u2009=\u20093,567), we introduce Transformer-encoded Simulation-Based Inference (TeSBI). This end-to-end architecture learns compact, sequence-aware embeddings from raw behavioral data. It enables efficient, amortized inference of individual-level posteriors. Extensive validation confirms it extracts reliable and identifiable parameters. We identify distinct latent computational attributes associated with scores on ADHD questionnaires. Controlling for sex, IQ, and medication status, children with higher ADHD scores exhibit subtle but robust shifts in computational attributes. They show a reduction in go cue directional precision, alongside a blunted sensitivity to stop error, go error and time costs. The learned embedding space reveals a continuous manifold in which children with higher ADHD scores are heterogeneously distributed, rather than forming distinct disorder clusters. This indicates that similar clinical characteristics can emerge from diverse combinations of computational mechanisms, supporting a dimensional perspective on neurodiversity. Our end-to-end framework can be extended to a broader range of cognitive tasks. It offers a scalable, theory-driven solution for analyzing large-scale behavioral data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:53:32Z","timestamp":1790358812000},"page":"e1014068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decomposing response inhibition: A POMDP model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9617-0711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Department of Computational Neuroscience"]},{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health, University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"]},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for The Mechanisms of Mental Function and Dysfunction (MMFD), Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC)","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health, University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"]},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"],"department":["Centre for Precision Psychiatry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-1839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Department of Computational Neuroscience"]},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Department of Informatics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD","volume":"121","author":"RA Barkley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.11.003","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in autism","volume":"8","author":"EL Hill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3000","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"B Jalal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.10.2.276","article-title":"On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method","volume":"10","author":"GD Logan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.91.3.295","article-title":"On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control","volume":"91","author":"GD Logan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.005","article-title":"Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm","volume":"12","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The diffusion decision model: theory and data for two-choice decision tasks","volume":"20","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"1718","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160193","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0193","article-title":"Models of inhibitory control","volume":"372","author":"JD Schall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619838466","article-title":"Cognitive modeling suggests that attentional failures drive longer stop-signal reaction time estimates in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"7","author":"A Weigard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0504-9","article-title":"Inhibitory Control and Information Processing in ADHD: Comparing the Dual Task and Performance Adjustment Hypotheses","volume":"47","author":"WD Fosco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000732","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive disorder and response inhibition: Meta-analysis of the stop-signal task","volume":"131","author":"K Mar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00567","article-title":"Decomposing decision components in the stop-signal task: a model-based approach to individual differences in inhibitory control","volume":"26","author":"CN White","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800009482","article-title":"Countermanding saccades in macaque","volume":"12","author":"DP Hanes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.2.817","article-title":"Role of frontal eye fields in countermanding saccades: visual, movement, and fixation activity","volume":"79","author":"DP Hanes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites","volume":"32","author":"BJ Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032122","article-title":"Selective stopping? Maybe not","volume":"143","author":"PG Bissett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60185","article-title":"Design issues and solutions for stop-signal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study","volume":"10","author":"PG Bissett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00023-X","article-title":"Planning and acting in partially observable stochastic domains","volume":"101","author":"LP Kaelbling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Artific Intell"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref019","first-page":"146","article-title":"Decision making under uncertainty: a neural model based on partially observable markov decision processes","volume":"4","author":"RPN Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.04.026","article-title":"Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention","volume":"46","author":"AJ Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref021","article-title":"A rational decision making framework for inhibitory control","volume":"23","author":"P Shenoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inform Process Syst"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00048","article-title":"Rational decision-making in inhibitory control","volume":"5","author":"P Shenoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.8.4.429","article-title":"Decision theory, reinforcement learning, and the brain","volume":"8","author":"P Dayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"48","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30055","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912789117","article-title":"The frontier of simulation-based inference","volume":"117","author":"K Cranmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.07754","article-title":"Sbi reloaded: a toolkit for simulation-based inference workflows","volume":"10","author":"J Boelts","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref026","article-title":"Attention is All You Need","volume":"30","author":"A Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inform Process Syst"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref027","article-title":"Fast \u03b5-free inference of simulation models with Bayesian conditional density estimation","volume":"29","author":"G Papamakarios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inform Process Syst"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.003","article-title":"A description of the ABCD organizational structure and communication framework","volume":"32","author":"AM Auchter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.06.005","article-title":"Biomedical ethics and clinical oversight in multisite observational neuroimaging studies with children and adolescents: The ABCD experience","volume":"32","author":"DB Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref030","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile","author":"T Achenbach","year":"1983"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","article-title":"Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders","volume":"167","author":"T Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref032","first-page":"54","article-title":"Inseparability of Go and Stop in Inhibitory Control: Go Stimulus Discriminability Affects Stopping Behavior","volume":"10","author":"N Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.38.8.716","article-title":"On the Theory of Dynamic Programming","volume":"38","author":"R Bellman","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref034","article-title":"Neural spline flows","volume":"32","author":"C Durkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inform Process Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.2025","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian computation in population genetics","volume":"162","author":"MA Beaumont","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref036","unstructured":"Rozet F, et al. Zuko: Normalizing flows in PyTorch. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/zuko"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref037","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2013fifth edition (WISC-V)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01192-8","article-title":"Multimethod investigation of the neurobiological basis of ADHD symptomatology in children aged 9-10: baseline data from the ABCD study","volume":"11","author":"MM Owens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.2.376","article-title":"Inhibitory control in mind and brain: an interactive race model of countermanding saccades","volume":"114","author":"L Boucher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(02)00079-3","article-title":"Horse-race model simulations of the stop-signal procedure","volume":"112","author":"GPH Band","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69450","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00918","article-title":"Release the BEESTS: Bayesian estimation of ex-Gaussian sTop-signal reaction time distributions","volume":"4","author":"D Matzke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030543","article-title":"Bayesian parametric estimation of stop-signal reaction time distributions","volume":"142","author":"D Matzke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101191","article-title":"A cognitive process modeling framework for the ABCD study stop-signal task","volume":"59","author":"A Weigard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035230","article-title":"On the ability to inhibit thought and action: general and special theories of an act of control","volume":"121","author":"GD Logan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01719-6","article-title":"Sequential sampling models without random between-trial variability: the racing diffusion model of speeded decision making","volume":"27","author":"G Tillman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617722000431","article-title":"Examining reaction time variability on the stop-signal task in the ABCD study","volume":"29","author":"JN Epstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.011","article-title":"Towards a model-based cognitive neuroscience of stopping - a neuroimaging perspective","volume":"90","author":"A Sebastian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2007.12.002","article-title":"The simplest complete model of choice response time: linear ballistic accumulation","volume":"57","author":"SD Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.014","article-title":"Models of response inhibition in the stop-signal and stop-change paradigms","volume":"33","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.4.700","article-title":"The physics of optimal decision making: a formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks","volume":"113","author":"R Bogacz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00971-6","article-title":"Banburismus and the brain: decoding the relationship between sensory stimuli, decisions, and reward","volume":"36","author":"JI Gold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.24.1.15","article-title":"Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans","volume":"24","author":"BC Rakitin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"pcbi.1014068.ref053","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Statistical learning and adaptive decision-making underlie human response time variability in inhibitory control","volume":"6","author":"N Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2201-12.2013","article-title":"Bayesian prediction and evaluation in the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"33","author":"JS Ide","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4238","article-title":"Computational psychiatry as a bridge from neuroscience to clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"QJM Huys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014068.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.018","article-title":"Computational psychiatry","volume":"16","author":"PR Montague","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:53:44Z","timestamp":1790358824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014068"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham","place":["UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}