{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:27:38Z","timestamp":1783999658621,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014081","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002722","name":"AllerGen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16B&B_MSI-C7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16B&B_MSI-C7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The allergen-induced late-phase asthmatic response (LAR) is used to study the mechanisms and treatment of asthma. We hypothesized that gene-expression (mRNA) biomarkers of the LAR may predict asthma exacerbations and severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with mild allergic asthma underwent inhaled allergen challenge. We identified a baseline blood-based mRNA biomarker panel predictive of LAR development and combined it with previously reported LAR-associated biomarkers. These LAR-mRNA biomarkers were evaluated in multiple public gene-expression datasets spanning blood, airways, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and induced sputum to assess their ability to discriminate asthma exacerbations and severity. Cellular specificity and allergen responsiveness were examined using public single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from endobronchial biopsies obtained before and after segmental allergen challenge. To identify potential therapeutics, we performed drug-signature matching using a public single-cell perturbation dataset to identify compounds capable of reversing LAR-associated, cell-specific transcriptional changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A combined set of 109 LAR-mRNA biomarkers was identified and shown to predict asthma exacerbations, with stronger performance in males than females. Biomarker-based prediction of asthma severity was most robust in BALF and induced sputum compared with blood. Highly predictive transcripts included the RNA-binding proteins\n                      <jats:italic>GNAS<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SF3B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      across multiple sample types. Single-cell analyses revealed that allergen challenge selectively altered the expression of LAR-mRNA biomarkers in T cell populations, including CD8 T cells (\n                      <jats:italic>CLIC3<\/jats:italic>\n                      + and\n                      <jats:italic>GZMK<\/jats:italic>\n                      +), CD4 Th17 (\n                      <jats:italic>RORA<\/jats:italic>\n                      +) cells, CD4 (\n                      <jats:italic>CD40LG<\/jats:italic>\n                      +) T cells, and \u03b3\u03b4 (\n                      <jats:italic>TRDC<\/jats:italic>\n                      +) T cells, with minimal changes in allergic controls. Drug-signature matching identified corticosteroids such as mometasone furoate and prednisolone, as well as the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor AT13387, as compounds predicted to reverse these cell-specific transcriptional signatures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LAR-mRNA biomarkers reflect an asthma-specific inflammatory state that predisposes individuals to late-phase responses, exacerbations, and progression to more severe disease. These findings link systemic biomarkers to airway cellular mechanisms and nominate therapeutic strategies to modulate allergen-driven inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T17:41:41Z","timestamp":1775238101000},"page":"e1014081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using cell-specific late-phase asthma mRNA biomarkers to repurpose drugs that concurrently reverse disease signatures across multiple immune cell-types"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8593-7366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young 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