{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:16:47Z","timestamp":1777871807292,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["P01 AG031720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG031720"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002565","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Drug Discovery Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADDF-FTD GA201902\u20132017902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADDF-FTD GA201902\u20132017902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007229","name":"Harvard University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Football Players Health Study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Football Players Health Study"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01MH115949, R01AG060987, R01EB032820, and P01 AG031720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH115949, R01AG060987, R01EB032820, and P01 AG031720"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AG076708, R01AG059089, R03AG072233, and P01 AG031720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG076708, R01AG059089, R03AG072233, and P01 AG031720"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006312","name":"BrightFocus Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Barcelona Brain Health Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial variability in individual responses to intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) limits its clinical efficacy, yet neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this variability remain unclear. While most machine-learning studies have focused on modeling behavioral or clinical effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), the few studies examining neurophysiological outcomes utilized limited feature sets in single-visit settings, which captured only inter-subject variability and most importantly lacked independent validation sets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address these gaps, we employed supervised machine learning models that integrated baseline resting-state EEG (rsEEG) features and baseline transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked measures, including motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), to predict neurophysiological responses to a single iTBS session applied over the primary motor cortex in two independent test-retest studies of healthy adults. We also employed statistical and reliability analysis to understand the statistical relationship between resting state EEG and responses to iTBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internal cross-validation within the training cohort yielded promising binary classification performance (accuracy: 81%), identifying coarse-grained multiscale distribution entropy of rsEEG as the most robust predictor of local cortical excitability changes indexed by the 100\u2013131ms window of TEPs. However, predictive performance markedly declined upon external validation (accuracy: 69%), reflecting unstable relationships between predictors and outcomes likely driven by substantial intra- and inter-individual variability of iTBS-induced changes in neurophysiological outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings emphasize that while EEG complexity measures can capture baseline brain states relevant for neuromodulation to a certain degree, the inherent instability of single-session iTBS effects significantly constrains model generalizability and underscores the necessity of test-retest paradigm to avoid overly optimistic performance estimates. Future studies with multi-session and individualized stimulation protocols are urgently needed to better characterize neurophysiological mechanisms underlying rTMS effects and ultimately enhance its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:31:12Z","timestamp":1777570272000},"page":"e1014154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complexity of resting cortical activity predicts neurophysiological responses to theta-burst stimulation but fails to generalize: A rigorous machine-learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Matthew Herbert","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Passera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duygu Bagci","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-0382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mouhsin M.","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-1300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Recep A.","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.5.1765","article-title":"Conditions for the induction of long-term potentiation in layer II\/III horizontal connections of the rat motor cortex","volume":"75","author":"G Hess","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","article-title":"Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)","volume":"58","author":"W Klomjai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","article-title":"Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"45","author":"Y-Z Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10131","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"391","author":"DM Blumberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.08.003","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) and motor recovery after stroke","volume":"57","author":"M Simonetta-Moreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104587","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on cognitive enhancement","volume":"135","author":"A Pabst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.409","article-title":"Inter-subject and Inter-session Variability of Plasticity Induction by Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: Boon or Bane?","volume":"8","author":"U Ziemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.007","article-title":"Plasticity induced by non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation: A position paper","volume":"128","author":"Y-Z Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237713","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1237713","article-title":"Retest reliability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the healthy human motor cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"C Kanig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01100","article-title":"Interindividual Variability and Intraindividual Reliability of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation-induced Neuroplasticity Mechanisms in the Healthy Brain","volume":"29","author":"L Schilberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199807000-00005","article-title":"Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"15","author":"A Pascual-Leone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.05.013","article-title":"Reproducibility of cortical response modulation induced by intermittent and continuous theta-burst stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"14","author":"RA Ozdemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.030","article-title":"Relationship between rTMS effects and MEP features before rTMS","volume":"664","author":"K Nojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"16","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.152736","article-title":"The physiological basis of the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"586","author":"V Di Lazzaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.018","article-title":"Large-scale analysis of interindividual variability in theta-burst stimulation data: Results from the \u201cBig TMS Data Collaboration\u201d","volume":"13","author":"DT Corp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0048","article-title":"Biological and anatomical factors influencing interindividual variability to noninvasive brain stimulation of the primary motor cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"M Pellegrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208747","article-title":"Nil effects of \u03bc-rhythm phase-dependent burst-rTMS on cortical excitability in humans: A resting-state EEG and TMS-EEG study","volume":"13","author":"D Desideri","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020220","article-title":"Pre-Stimulus Power but Not Phase Predicts Prefrontal Cortical Excitability in TMS-EEG","volume":"13","author":"M Poorganji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489949","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2024.1489949","article-title":"Interactions of transcranial magnetic stimulation with brain oscillations: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Q Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363860","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1363860","article-title":"Predicting interindividual response to theta burst stimulation in the lower limb motor cortex using machine learning","volume":"18","author":"N Katagiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.110902","article-title":"Electroencephalography oscillations can predict the cortical response following theta burst stimulation","volume":"208","author":"G Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17766-4","article-title":"States and traits of neural irregularity in the age-varying human brain","volume":"7","author":"L Waschke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0067-0","article-title":"State-dependency of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"21","author":"J Silvanto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3181b2f1e3","article-title":"Sample entropy tracks changes in electroencephalogram power spectrum with sleep state and aging","volume":"26","author":"EN Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007885","article-title":"Standard multiscale entropy reflects neural dynamics at mismatched temporal scales: What\u2019s signal irregularity got to do with it?","volume":"16","author":"JQ Kosciessa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.04.001","article-title":"Analysis of regularity in the EEG background activity of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients with Approximate Entropy","volume":"116","author":"D Ab\u00e1solo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-884X(96)95573-3","article-title":"Age increases brain complexity","volume":"99","author":"AP Anokhin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1.80","article-title":"Approximate entropy of human respiratory movement during eye-closed waking and different sleep stages","volume":"123","author":"N Burioka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(96)95636-9","article-title":"Discrimination of sleep stages: a comparison between spectral and nonlinear EEG measures","volume":"98","author":"J Fell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003182","article-title":"Spectral and Entropic Features Are Altered by Age in the Electroencephalogram in Patients under Sevoflurane Anesthesia","volume":"132","author":"M Kreuzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24393","article-title":"Changes in EEG multiscale entropy and power-law frequency scaling during the human sleep cycle","volume":"40","author":"V Miskovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00338-3","article-title":"Dimensional complexity and spectral properties of the human sleep EEG","volume":"114","author":"Y Shen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20052","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of EEG during NREM sleep reveals changes in functional connectivity due to natural aging","volume":"23","author":"JR Terry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14268","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of resting-state EEG in young and older adults","volume":"60","author":"T Popov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108343","article-title":"The reliability and psychometric structure of Multi-Scale Entropy measured from EEG signals at rest and during face and object recognition tasks","volume":"326","author":"Y Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.010","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation EEG evoked potentials","volume":"11","author":"LJ Kerwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000432","article-title":"Interindividual variability of the modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical excitability","volume":"133","author":"F Maeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref038","article-title":"rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates dopamine release in the ipsilateral anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"4","author":"SS Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.09.002","article-title":"The impact of HF-rTMS treatment on serotonin(2A) receptors in unipolar melancholic depression","volume":"4","author":"C Baeken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.008","article-title":"The effect of bilateral low-frequency rTMS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on serum brain-derived neurotropic factor and serotonin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"684","author":"R Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Time-course of changes in neuronal activity markers following iTBS-TMS of the rat neocortex","volume":"536","author":"K Hoppenrath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139892","article-title":"The Effects of Different Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Protocols on Cortical Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"10","author":"MR Ljubisavljevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.03.002","article-title":"Long-term iTBS promotes neural structural and functional recovery by enhancing neurogenesis and migration via miR-551b-5p\/BDNF\/TrkB pathway in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"184","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215291","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1215291","article-title":"Transcriptional changes in the rat brain induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"17","author":"M Weiler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.12.003","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms shape cortical plasticity in humans","volume":"3","author":"A Antal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112506","article-title":"Harnessing Brain Plasticity: The Therapeutic Power of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) in Neurotransmitter Modulation, Receptor Dynamics, and Neuroimaging for Neurological Innovations","volume":"12","author":"M Sharbafshaaer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.8.2.172","article-title":"Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"8","author":"MS George","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01704-9","article-title":"Changes in neuroactive steroids, neurotrophins and immunological biomarkers after monotherapy 8-week rTMS treatment and their relationship with neurocognitive functions in depression","volume":"274","author":"ME Boylu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00355-X","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression","volume":"27","author":"F Padberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.374140","article-title":"Contribution of glial cells to the neuroprotective effects triggered by repetitive magnetic stimulation: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"SA Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.008","article-title":"Dose-dependence of changes in cortical protein expression induced with repeated transcranial magnetic theta-burst stimulation in the rat","volume":"6","author":"LJ Volz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018)","volume":"131","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.09.003","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity 101: The story of the AMPA receptor for the brain stimulation practitioner","volume":"25","author":"JC Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.03.016","article-title":"NMDA-receptor agonist reveals LTP-like properties of 10-Hz rTMS in the human motor cortex","volume":"14","author":"JC Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"48","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17514","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0409-12.2012","article-title":"Repetitive magnetic stimulation induces functional and structural plasticity of excitatory postsynapses in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures","volume":"32","author":"A Vlachos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.004","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in cortical excitability and motor network connectivity following multiple blocks of rTMS","volume":"118","author":"C Nettekoven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01188","article-title":"Non-linear Entropy Analysis in EEG to Predict Treatment Response to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression","volume":"9","author":"R Shalbaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht030","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dependency of age-related changes in brain signal variability","volume":"24","author":"AR McIntosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.03.025","article-title":"Assessment of EEG dynamical complexity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using multiscale entropy","volume":"121","author":"T Mizuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00096","article-title":"Empirical and theoretical aspects of generation and transfer of information in a neuromagnetic source network","volume":"5","author":"VA Vakorin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"16","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5089-13.2014","article-title":"TMS-EEG signatures of GABAergic neurotransmission in the human cortex","volume":"34","author":"I Premoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-009-0115-4","article-title":"A review of combined TMS-EEG studies to characterize lasting effects of repetitive TMS and assess their usefulness in cognitive and clinical neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"G Thut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091114","article-title":"Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation to the Primary Motor Cortex Reduces Cortical Inhibition: A TMS-EEG Study","volume":"11","author":"Z Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286465","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects and reproducibility of the most widely used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols","volume":"18","author":"J Magnuson","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98751-w","article-title":"Sham-derived effects and the minimal reliability of theta burst stimulation","volume":"11","author":"PO Boucher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003","article-title":"Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines","volume":"132","author":"S Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90419-8","article-title":"Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields","volume":"48","author":"D Lehmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2022-0235","article-title":"The effect of stimulation frequency on transcranial evoked potentials","volume":"13","author":"G Leodori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.059","article-title":"The EEG correlates of the TMS-induced EMG silent period in humans","volume":"83","author":"F Farzan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.","volume":"1","author":"KO McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.6.2297","article-title":"Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity","volume":"88","author":"SM Pincus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039","article-title":"Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy","volume":"278","author":"JS Richman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.174102","article-title":"Permutation entropy: a natural complexity measure for time series","volume":"88","author":"C Bandt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-014-1216-0","article-title":"Assessing the complexity of short-term heartbeat interval series by distribution entropy","volume":"53","author":"P Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.01.009","article-title":"Appropriate use of the increment entropy for electrophysiological time series","volume":"95","author":"X Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055501","article-title":"On the Complexity of Finite Sequences","volume":"22","author":"A Lempel","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inform Theory"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014154.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"068102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.068102","article-title":"Multiscale entropy analysis of complex physiologic time series","volume":"89","author":"M Costa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/e19060257","article-title":"Time-shift multiscale entropy analysis of physiological signals","volume":"19","author":"TD Pham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3390\/e15031069","article-title":"Time Series Analysis Using Composite Multiscale Entropy","volume":"15","author":"SD Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"pcbi.1014154.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119419","article-title":"Exploring the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling on the sensorimotor region","volume":"259","author":"B Passera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:31:30Z","timestamp":1777570290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014154"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}