{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:00:31Z","timestamp":1775674831914,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014159","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["532480418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532480418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWA-ORC-1292.19.298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA-ORC-1292.19.298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWO-SGW-406.21.GO.009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWO-SGW-406.21.GO.009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020362","name":"Interreg North-West Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWE-RE:HOME"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWE-RE:HOME"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perception of gravity can be assessed by measuring the subjective visual vertical (SVV), the visually indicated spatial direction that appears earth-vertical to an observer. When the SVV is assessed in darkness while the observer is roll-tilted, it shows substantial biases. At tilts larger than 45\u00b0, the bias is attractive, that is, the visual indicator appears vertical when rotated toward the observer. At smaller tilts, however, a repulsive bias is observed. The attractive bias has been explained within the Bayesian framework as the effect of a prior for upright posture. The repulsive bias has so far been considered anti-Bayesian, suboptimal, or as the result of uncompensated ocular counterroll. Here we show that both biases can be explained within a purely Bayesian model. More specifically, the repulsive bias at small roll-tilts is a consequence of the known tilt-dependent variability of the SVV, which is hypothesized to reflect different levels of sensory noise of the otolith organs. We thus provide a solution to a century-old question of why there is a repulsive bias in vertical perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:30:53Z","timestamp":1775064653000},"page":"e1014159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explaining attractive and repulsive biases in the subjective visual vertical"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-6210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan","family":"Glasauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-4220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W. Pieter","family":"Medendorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4105","article-title":"A Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding can explain \u201canti-Bayesian\u201d percepts","volume":"18","author":"X-X Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55389","article-title":"A Bayesian and efficient observer model explains concurrent attractive and repulsive history biases in visual perception","volume":"9","author":"M Fritsche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.8.13","article-title":"Between repulsion and attraction in serial biases: Replication of Chen and Bae (2024)","volume":"25","author":"JB Akselberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/9.2.9","article-title":"Accuracy-precision trade-off in visual orientation constancy","volume":"9","author":"M De Vrijer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02355256","article-title":"Eine scheinbare Drehung von Objekten bei Neigung des Kopfes nach rechts oder links","volume":"20","author":"H Aubert","year":"1861","journal-title":"Virchows Archiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref006","first-page":"109","article-title":"\u00dcber das Aubertsche Ph\u00e4nomen","volume":"49","author":"GE M\u00fcller","year":"1916","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Sinnesphysiologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.1.11","article-title":"Properties of the internal representation of gravity inferred from spatial-direction and body-tilt estimates","volume":"84","author":"AD Van Beuzekom","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/8.3.19","article-title":"The subjective visual vertical in a nonhuman primate","volume":"8","author":"N Daddaoua","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00172","article-title":"Perception of Verticality and Vestibular Disorders of Balance and Falls","volume":"10","author":"M Dieterich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref010","first-page":"764","article-title":"On the role of gravity in human spatial orientation","volume":"35","author":"H Schoene","year":"1964","journal-title":"Aerosp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210192","article-title":"Stability of apparent vertical and ocular countertorsion as a function of lateral tilt","volume":"8","year":"1970","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref012","first-page":"159","article-title":"Perception of static orientation in a constant gravitoinertial environment","volume":"47","author":"CC Ormsby","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404833","article-title":"A new solution to the problem of the subjective vertical","volume":"70","author":"H Mittelstaedt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref014","author":"T Eggert","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0792-0","article-title":"A Bayesian model of the disambiguation of gravitoinertial force by visual cues","volume":"179","author":"PR MacNeilage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00921.2007","article-title":"Shared computational mechanism for tilt compensation accounts for biased verticality percepts in motion and pattern vision","volume":"99","author":"M De Vrijer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6472-10.2011","article-title":"Multisensory processing in spatial orientation: an inverse probabilistic approach","volume":"31","author":"IAH Clemens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref018","article-title":"A Bayesian Account of Visual-Vestibular Interactions in the Rod-and-Frame Task","volume":"3","author":"BBGT Alberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00375.2022","article-title":"Natural statistics of head roll: implications for Bayesian inference in spatial orientation","volume":"128","author":"SCMJ Willemsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00814.2009","article-title":"Bayesian and \u201canti-Bayesian\u201d biases in sensory integration for action and perception in the size-weight illusion","volume":"103","author":"JB Brayanov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref021","article-title":"The Size-Weight Illusion is not anti-Bayesian after all: a unifying Bayesian account","volume":"4","author":"MAK Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2155","article-title":"Space and time in visual context","volume":"8","author":"O Schwartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2831","article-title":"Cardinal rules: visual orientation perception reflects knowledge of environmental statistics","volume":"14","author":"AR Girshick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308464","article-title":"Interaction of labyrinthine and somatoreceptor inputs as determinants of the subjective vertical","volume":"40","author":"S Lechner-Steinleitner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00407.2009","article-title":"Roll-dependent modulation of the subjective visual vertical: contributions of head- and trunk-based signals","volume":"103","author":"AA Tarnutzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref026","volume-title":"Bayesian models of perception and action","author":"WJ Ma","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00007.2008","article-title":"Gravity dependence of subjective visual vertical variability","volume":"102","author":"AA Tarnutzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947208100305","article-title":"Vestibular macular mapping in man","volume":"81","author":"U Rosenhall","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2008.01.004","article-title":"The distribution of otolith polarization vectors in mammals: comparison between model predictions and single cell recordings","volume":"239","author":"R Jaeger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566895","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.566895","article-title":"The anatomical and physiological basis of clinical tests of otolith function. A tribute to Yoshio Uchino","volume":"11","author":"IS Curthoys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3841-14.2015","article-title":"The increased sensitivity of irregular peripheral canal and otolith vestibular afferents optimizes their encoding of natural stimuli","volume":"35","author":"AD Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06754-y","article-title":"Vestibular contributions to linear motion perception","volume":"242","author":"MJ Kobel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1014159.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54172","article-title":"Using the past to estimate sensory uncertainty","volume":"9","author":"U Beierholm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014159.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.03.002","article-title":"A Bayesian perspective on magnitude estimation","volume":"19","author":"FH Petzschner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014159","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:57:43Z","timestamp":1775671063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014159"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Bays","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}