{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:10:12Z","timestamp":1778285412041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Studies evaluating viral pathogenicity in small mammalian models often quantify disease severity using the magnitudes of temperature rise and weight loss post-challenge. However, no rigorous assessment on the transformation of serially collected data into features suitable for predictive models has been conducted. Using data aggregated from ferrets inoculated with a diverse panel of influenza A viruses (IAV) spanning a broad range of clinical outcomes, we assessed statistical correlations and predictive performance of temperature and weight loss, summarized by conventional and novel approaches. Conventional summary metrics (peak values or area under the curve) were weak and inconsistent correlates of overall disease severity and viral titers. Novel dynamic weight metrics capturing onset, duration, slope, and volatility over 14 days showed lower coefficients of variation than conventional summary approaches. However, inclusion of novel metrics did not meaningfully improve the predictive performance of machine learning models for disease severity outcomes in IAV-inoculated ferrets. Mixed-effects models indicated that weight loss post-IAV infection is driven by time and viral burden, with temperature contributing little additional information. Collectively, these findings support that derived metrics are at least comparable, if not enhanced, to conventional summaries for data science analyses of serially generated clinical data from\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogen studies. However, because pathogen disease severity in mammals is multifactorial, models that rely solely on weight and temperature metrics without additional quantitative measures of clinical perturbation within-host are unlikely to achieve strong predictive performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T23:12:01Z","timestamp":1778281921000},"page":"e1014210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Limited \u2018heft\u2019 of weight-based outcomes in predicting influenza A virus disease severity in ferrets"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Troy J.","family":"Kieran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taronna R.","family":"Maines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-7368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Belser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014210.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050511","article-title":"Key considerations to improve the normalization, interpretation and reproducibility of morbidity data in mammalian models of viral disease","volume":"17","author":"JA Belser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014210.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"F Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014210.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00022-16","article-title":"Complexities in ferret influenza virus pathogenesis and transmission models","volume":"80","author":"JA Belser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1014210.ref004","first-page":"119","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness and the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT)","volume":"385","author":"NJ Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014210.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973","article-title":"Pandemic risk characterisation of zoonotic influenza A viruses using the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA","volume":"6","author":"R Yamaji","year":"2025","journal-title":"). 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