{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:03:51Z","timestamp":1784916231084,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL115580, HL135109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL115580, HL135109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014849","name":"Conselleria de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AICO\/2021\/318; CIACIF\/2023\/451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AICO\/2021\/318; CIACIF\/2023\/451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014849","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministerio de Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2021-100124, PID2020-114291RB-I00, PID2023-148702OB-I00, PCI2024-153442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2021-100124, PID2020-114291RB-I00, PID2023-148702OB-I00, PCI2024-153442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) can be sustained by intramural reentrant circuits within three-dimensional arrhythmogenic hubs formed by fibrotically-insulated myobundles. However, the efficacy of different multi-electrode mapping (MEM) to identify the micro-reentrant pathways sustaining AF remains undefined. An anisotropic atrial tissue structure (30\u2009\u00d7\u200930\u2009\u00d7\u20094 mm), incorporating a sub-endocardial laterally-insulated myobundle (15\u2009\u00d7\u20092.5\u2009\u00d7\u20091.5 mm) was simulated reflecting persistent AF conditions. Simulations included endocardial unipolar, bipolar, and omnipolar electrograms, with local activation time maps calculated for reentry visualization. N\u2009=\u2009656 MEM configurations were evaluated, varying inter-electrode distances (1, 3, 6 and 9 mm), orientations (parallel and perpendicular), contact distances to the wall (0.25 and 1.0 mm), and electrode positions (in 1-mm increments) relative to the reentrant circuit. Conduction along the reentrant pathway was identified by electrograms within &lt;3 mm of the micro-reentrant circuit, and confirmed by their comparison to action potential traces. However, detection on electrogram (EGM) traces was highly dependent on catheter configuration and distance to the atrial wall. Dense unipolar MEM configurations (1\u20136 mm spacing) facilitated pathway identification, while bipolar MEM required electrode pairs to align with the myobundle for effective detection. Omnipolar configurations offered no significant advantages over unipolar for modest inter-electrode spacings (1\u20136 mm) but improved detection accuracy at larger spacings (9 mm). Mapping was affected by micro-reentrant track width, though reentrant mapping still detected tracks thinner than electrode spacing. Track thickness and conduction velocity did not impair detection and sometimes improved it. Unipolar MEM configurations (1\u20136 mm spacing) with optimal contact enabled the detection of sub-endocardial reentry pathways sustaining AF in 50\u2013100% of simulated cases. Combining unipolar and omnipolar mapping approaches (3 mm spacing) may enhance the detection rates of AF micro-reentry. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing MEM techniques for human AF reentrant circuit detection and may improve the efficacy of AF ablation procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:55:42Z","timestamp":1784915742000},"page":"e1014493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catheter configuration for mapping micro-anatomic reentries sustaining atrial fibrillation: A simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6092-6847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel","family":"Rodrigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada S.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Termen\u00f3n-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim V.","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408288","article-title":"Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"372","author":"A Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.11.012","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation nomenclature, definitions, and mechanisms: Position paper from the international Working Group of the Signal Summit","volume":"22","author":"NMS de Groot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004398","article-title":"Maintenance of Atrial Fibrillation: Are Reentrant Drivers With Spatial Stability the Key","volume":"9","author":"BJ Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.006119","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Ablation of Drivers for Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"T Baykaner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03517-w","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for individualized treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"I Deisenhofer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae043","article-title":"2024 European Heart Rhythm Association\/Heart Rhythm Society\/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society\/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"S Tzeis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.08.024","article-title":"Human Atrial Fibrillation Drivers Resolved With Integrated Functional and Structural Imaging to Benefit Clinical Mapping","volume":"4","author":"BJ Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.079","article-title":"Clinical Benefit of Ablating Localized Sources for Human Atrial Fibrillation: The Indiana University FIRM Registry","volume":"69","author":"JM Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"35","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv233","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation driven by micro-anatomic intramural re-entry revealed by simultaneous sub-epicardial and sub-endocardial optical mapping in explanted human hearts","volume":"36","author":"BJ Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"19","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017789","article-title":"Unmasking Arrhythmogenic Hubs of Reentry Driving Persistent Atrial Fibrillation for Patient-Specific Treatment","volume":"9","author":"BJ Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005922","article-title":"Three-dimensional Integrated Functional, Structural, and Computational Mapping to Define the Structural \u201cFingerprints\u201d of Heart-Specific Atrial Fibrillation Drivers in Human Heart Ex Vivo","volume":"6","author":"J Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230044","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2023.0044","article-title":"Chamber-specific wall thickness features in human atrial fibrillation","volume":"13","author":"J Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5610","DOI":"10.1113\/JP288625","article-title":"Structural determinants of re-entrant drivers in atrial fibrillation: insights from digital twins derived from 3D micrometre-resolution imaging of human heart","volume":"604","author":"A Kulathilaka","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003620","article-title":"In silico screening of the key cellular remodeling targets in chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"JT Koivum\u00e4ki","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2013.10.023","article-title":"Adaptive step ODE algorithms for the 3D simulation of electric heart activity with graphics processing units","volume":"44","author":"VM Garcia-Molla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.4.448","article-title":"Role of pectinate muscle bundles in the generation and maintenance of intra-atrial reentry: potential implications for the mechanism of conversion between atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter","volume":"83","author":"TJ Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref017","article-title":"A computer model of normal conduction in the human atria","volume":"87","author":"D Harrild","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2201948","article-title":"Personalization of atrial anatomy and electrophysiology as a basis for clinical modeling of radio-frequency ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"32","author":"MW Krueger","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103484","article-title":"Implementation of a Cellular Automaton for efficient simulations of atrial arrhythmias","volume":"101","author":"GS Romitti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106604","article-title":"Performance assessment of electrode configurations for the estimation of omnipolar electrograms from high density arrays","volume":"154","author":"F Castells","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.12.010","article-title":"New Insights Into Understanding Rotor Versus Focal Activation in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"7","author":"S Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003648","article-title":"Direct Proof of Endo-Epicardial Asynchrony of the Atrial Wall During Atrial Fibrillation in Humans","volume":"9","author":"N de Groot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.1.250","article-title":"Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial activation sequence mapping in the isolated canine right atrium","volume":"88","author":"RB Schuessler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021165","article-title":"Adenosine-Induced Atrial Fibrillation: Localized Reentrant Drivers in Lateral Right Atria due to Heterogeneous Expression of Adenosine A1 Receptors and GIRK4 Subunits in the Human Heart","volume":"134","author":"N Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73544-z","article-title":"Analysis of complex excitation patterns using Feynman-like diagrams","volume":"14","author":"L Arno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732161","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.732161","article-title":"Computational Analysis of Mapping Catheter Geometry and Contact Quality Effects on Rotor Detection in Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"C Bartolucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e3283507a9b","article-title":"Effects of electrode size and spacing on the resolution of intracardiac electrograms","volume":"23","author":"JM Stinnett-Donnelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104467","article-title":"Analyzing the effect of electrode size on electrogram and activation map properties","volume":"134","author":"B Abdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1014493.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2024.04.009","article-title":"Multipolar Electrograms: A New Configuration That Increases the Measurement Accuracy of Intracardiac Signals","volume":"10","author":"E Anter","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.125.014061","article-title":"Impact of Catheter Configuration on the Mapping of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"19","author":"M Rodrigo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03856-2","article-title":"Influence of Anatomical Definition and Substrate Condition on Simulations of Atrial Arrhythmias","volume":"54","author":"J Barrios-\u00c1lvarez de Arcaya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13331","article-title":"Panoramic atrial mapping with basket catheters: A quantitative analysis to optimize practice, patient selection, and catheter choice","volume":"28","author":"S Honarbakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1014493.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-022-01442-3","article-title":"Characterization of high-density mapping in catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation: results from the Advisor\u2122 HD Grid Mapping Catheter Observational study","volume":"66","author":"L Fiedler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:55:49Z","timestamp":1784915749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014493"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Haibo","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}