{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:18:06Z","timestamp":1792624686228,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014590","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000}}],"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2024-04518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2024-04518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH 2R01HL143450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 2R01HL143450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Undergraduate Student Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Undergraduate Student Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Health Research Graduate Research Scholarship \u2013 Master\u2019s program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Health Research Graduate Research Scholarship \u2013 Master\u2019s program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reentrant arrhythmias are life-threatening cardiac events that are difficult to study due to limited experimental control over the complex circuit dynamics. We present a real-time coupled cardiac system that allows in real-time dynamic manipulation of reentrant pathways in vitro using physiologically relevant simulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We designed a closed-feedback loop system that couples a cultured cardiac monolayer with a two-dimensional computational simulation of cardiac tissue. The simulation, based on GPU-accelerated models (e.g., cellular automata), predicts wave propagation in real-time using the Abubu.js library. Optical mapping captures monolayer activation patterns, and simulation outputs are converted into light-based stimulation via optogenetics, using LEDs and microcontrollers to depolarize cardiac tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our platform is capable of accurately detecting and responding to electrical waves in real-time, enabling interactive modulation of reentrant circuits. The system replaces traditional fixed-delay stimulation protocols with computationally guided interventions, better mimicking physiological conduction dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This coupled system provides a novel and responsive method to study reentrant arrhythmias. Its integration of optical stimulation, real-time modeling, and tissue feedback enables the construction of user-defined reentry pathways and dynamic interaction with reentrant circuit behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By merging computational and biological systems, this work introduces a versatile experimental framework for investigating arrhythmias. Built from inexpensive and accessible components, it lowers technical and financial barriers, increasing accessibility across a broad range of researchers and research environments. The platform may inform future control and anti-arrhythmic strategies and pave the way for personalized cardiac electrophysiology studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:37:34Z","timestamp":1785778654000},"page":"e1014590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-time GPU-accelerated coupled cardiac system: Integrating bidirectional interactions between living optogenetic monolayers and computational 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