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Here, we assess the contribution of variation in viral load and daily contact rates to this heterogeneity by combining published viral load estimates and contact survey data in a mathematical model to estimate the secondary infection distribution. Using data from the BBC Pandemic and CoMix contact surveys, we estimate the secondary infection distribution throughout the pandemic in the UK in 2020, and the effectiveness of frequent and pre-event rapid testing for reducing superspreading events. We find that individual heterogeneity in contacts rather than individual heterogeneity in shedding is the main driver of observed heterogeneity in the secondary infection distribution. Our results suggest that everyone testing every 3 days would reduce the reproduction number below 1 and be equivalent in terms of impact on secondary infections to everyone testing only before events with a minimum event size of 10 for pre-pandemic contact levels. This work demonstrates the potential for using viral load and contact data to estimate heterogeneity in transmission and the effectiveness of rapid testing strategies for curbing transmission in future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:34:03Z","timestamp":1787938443000},"page":"e1014715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disentangling the drivers of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 transmission from data on viral load and daily contact rates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Billy J.","family":"Quilty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Charit\u00e9 Universitatsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-7102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lloyd A. 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