{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:05:41Z","timestamp":1789581941724,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014730","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000}}],"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003126","name":"Opetus- ja Kulttuuriministeri\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VN\/3137\/2024-OKM-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VN\/3137\/2024-OKM-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003126","name":"Opetus- ja Kulttuuriministeri\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VN\/3137\/2024-OKM-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VN\/3137\/2024-OKM-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a fundamental learning mechanism that shapes the connectivity and activity of neural circuits. Existing computational models of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) capture long-term synaptic changes with varying degrees of biological detail. A common approach is to neglect the influence of short-term dynamics on long-term plasticity, which may be an oversimplification for certain neuron types. Thus, there is a need for new models to investigate how short-term dynamics influence long-term plasticity. To address this gap, we introduce a novel phenomenological model, the Short-Long-Term STDP (SL-STDP) rule, which directly integrates the Tsodyks-Markram model of short-term dynamics with postsynaptic long-term plasticity. We fit the new model to recordings from layer 5 of the visual cortex and study how short-term plasticity affects the firing rate frequency dependence of long-term plasticity in a single synapse. Our analysis revealed that the pre- and postsynaptic frequency dependence of long-term plasticity plays a crucial role in shaping the self-organization of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their information processing through the emergence of sink and source nodes. We applied the SL-STDP rule to RNNs and found that neurons in the SL-STDP network self-organize into distinct firing rate clusters, stabilizing the dynamics. We extended the experiments by including homeostatic balancing, namely weight normalization and excitatory-to-inhibitory plasticity, and observed differences in degree correlations between the SL-STDP network and a network without direct coupling between short-term and long-term plasticity. Finally, we evaluated how the modified connectivity affects the networks\u2019 information capacity in reservoir computing tasks. The SL-STDP rule outperformed the uncoupled system in the majority of tasks, and including excitatory-to-inhibitory facilitating synapses further improved information capacity. Our study demonstrates that short-term dynamics\u2013induced changes in the frequency dependence of long-term plasticity play a pivotal role in shaping network dynamics and link synaptic mechanisms to information processing in RNNs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:50:18Z","timestamp":1788371418000},"page":"e1014730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A unified model of short- and long-term plasticity: Effects on network connectivity and information capacity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0865-5947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iiro","family":"Ahokainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University","place":["Tampere, Finland"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2577-7329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marja-Leena","family":"Linne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University","place":["Tampere, Finland"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5297","key":"pcbi.1014730.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.213","article-title":"Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs","volume":"275","author":"H Markram","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"24","key":"pcbi.1014730.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10464","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10464.1998","article-title":"Synaptic modifications in cultured hippocampal neurons: dependence on 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