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Here, we show that this simple rule does not apply to the representation of major features of stimulus motion, including stimulus direction and temporal frequency (TF). We collected an extensive dataset of cat V1 responses to stimuli covarying in orientation, direction, spatial frequency, and TF to assess the extent of motion selectivity. We show that preferred TF is mostly uniform across the cortical surface. Yet, in over half of V1, the preferred direction is reversed with changing stimulus TF, revealing four distinct map motifs embedded in V1\u2019s functional architecture. Similarly, despite the lack of spatial modulation for the preferred TF map and the lack of invariance for the preferred direction map, we found using convolutional neural networks that direction, TF and stimulus speed can be accurately decoded from V1 responses at all cortical locations. These findings suggest a latent encoding of information where subtle, spatially distributed modulations of V1 activity may convey fine information about stimulus motion, pointing to a novel primary sensory encoding mechanism despite complex co-variation of responses to multiple attributes across V1 neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1014826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1791826891000},"page":"e1014826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Latent encoding of movement in primary visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Germaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis University","place":["Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Mathematics"]},{"name":"Brandeis University","place":["Waltham, 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