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This study examines the impact of climate and LULC on malaria risk in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Weekly malaria surveillance data between 2008 and 2019 from Ecuador\u2019s Ministry of Public Health were combined with hydrometeorological and LULC data. Cross-correlation analyses identified time lags. Bayesian spatiotemporal models estimated annual LULC rates of change (ARC) by census area and assessed the effects on <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> incidence. ARC for the five land cover classes (forest, agriculture, urban, shrub vegetation, water) ranged from -1 to 4% with agriculture increasing across areas. Forest and shrub vegetation ARC were significantly associated with both <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Temperature and terrestrial water content showed consistent negative relationships with both species. Precipitation had varying effects on <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> (null) and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> (increase) incidence. Shrubs and forest expansion, increased temperature, and terrestrial water content reduced malaria incidence, while increased precipitation had varying effects. Relationships between malaria, LULC, and climate are complex, influencing risk profiles. These findings aid decision-making and guide further research in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pclm.0000315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T17:25:55Z","timestamp":1713547555000},"page":"e0000315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pclm.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of climate and land use\/land cover changes on malaria incidence in the Ecuadorian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-6306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Araujo Navas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Janko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima L.","family":"Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4951-8575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Narvaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis E.","family":"Vasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6824-1770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prakrut","family":"Kansara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Zaitchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7407-7399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William K.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos F.","family":"Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pclm.0000315.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-192","article-title":"Land cover, land use and malaria in the Amazon: a systematic literature review of studies using remotely sensed data.","volume":"12","author":"A Stefani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pclm.0000315.ref002","first-page":"20","article-title":"The impact of sustained malaria control in the Loreto region of Peru: a retrospective, observational, spatially-varying interrupted time series analysis of the PAMAFRO program.","author":"MM Janko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Heal."},{"key":"pclm.0000315.ref003","author":"HM Aguilar Velasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malaria y espacio en el Ecuador del verde de Par\u00eds a la eliminaci\u00f3n de la enfermedad"},{"key":"pclm.0000315.ref004","first-page":"22","article-title":"Malaria en la Amazon\u00eda ecuatoriana: estudio comparativo de la transmisi\u00f3n entre ind\u00edgenas y colonos en el contexto de la organizaci\u00f3n espacial.","author":"HM Aguilar V","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev Inst Juan Cesar Garcia."},{"key":"pclm.0000315.ref005","author":"SN SNEM","journal-title":"Proyecto de vigilancia y control de vectores para la prevenci\u00f3n de la transmisi\u00f3n de enfermedades metax\u00e9nicas en el Ecuador 2013\u20132017"},{"key":"pclm.0000315.ref006","author":"M. 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