{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:46:54Z","timestamp":1788518814283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-22-1-0223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-22-1-0223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01MH101459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH101459"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["NSF DMS 2052499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF DMS 2052499"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosdigitalhealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Digit Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interplay between circadian rhythms, time awake, and mood remains poorly understood in the real-world. Individuals in high-stress occupations with irregular schedules or nighttime shifts are particularly vulnerable to depression and other mood disorders. Advances in wearable technology have provided the opportunity to study these interactions outside of a controlled laboratory environment. Here, we examine the effects of circadian rhythms and time awake on mood in first-year physicians using wearables. Continuous heart rate, step count, sleep data, and daily mood scores were collected from 2,602 medical interns across 168,311 days of Fitbit data. Circadian time and time awake were extracted from minute-by-minute wearable heart rate and motion measurements. Linear mixed modeling determined the relationship between mood, circadian rhythm, and time awake. In this cohort, mood was modulated by circadian timekeeping (p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, we show that increasing time awake both deteriorates mood (p&lt;0.001) and amplifies mood\u2019s circadian rhythm nonlinearly. These findings demonstrate the contributions of both circadian rhythms and sleep deprivation to underlying mood and show how these factors can be studied in real-world settings using Fitbits. They underscore the promising opportunity to harness wearables in deploying chronotherapies for psychiatric illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T18:23:13Z","timestamp":1706725393000},"page":"e0000439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Unraveling the interplay of circadian rhythm and sleep deprivation on mood: A Real-World Study on first-year physicians"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijan","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7581-4031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Forger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pdig.0000439.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1177","article-title":"A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"MH Hastings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2741\/1196","article-title":"The mammalian circadian clock: a network of gene expression","volume":"9","author":"U. Albrecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135821","article-title":"The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks","volume":"72","author":"C Dibner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pdig.0000439.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-203554","article-title":"Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"26","author":"J Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000439.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730409332068","article-title":"Practical interventions to promote circadian adaptation to permanent night shift work: study 4","volume":"24","author":"MR Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"21","key":"pdig.0000439.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720719115","article-title":"Simulated night shift work induces circadian misalignment of the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome","volume":"115","author":"L Kervezee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103142","article-title":"Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs): Linking circadian misalignment to adverse health outcomes","volume":"62","author":"KK Ingram","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000439.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.911149","article-title":"Circadian misalignment and health","volume":"26","author":"KG Baron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"pdig.0000439.ref009","first-page":"770","article-title":"Depression and Heart Diseases: Leading Health Problems","volume":"29","author":"M Raic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2015.51.1.8","article-title":"Comorbidity of depression with physical disorders: research and clinical implications","volume":"51","author":"HJ Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chonnam Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0171","article-title":"Understanding the Complex of Suicide in Depression: from Research to Clinics","volume":"17","author":"L Orsolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"issue":"8","key":"pdig.0000439.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.03.007","article-title":"Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents","volume":"16","author":"MA Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000439.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P221","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.4.P221","article-title":"Rhythmic vs homeostatic influences on mood, activation, and performance in young and old men","volume":"47","author":"TH Monk","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113337","article-title":"Circadian rhythm in negative affect: Implications for mood disorders","volume":"293","author":"JS Emens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pdig.0000439.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.12.001","article-title":"Diurnal mood variation in depression: a signal of disturbed circadian function?","volume":"102","author":"G. Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000439.ref016","first-page":"446","article-title":"Influence of sleep-wake and circadian rhythm disturbances in psychiatric disorders","volume":"25","author":"DB Boivin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa289","article-title":"The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one","volume":"44","author":"CC Tomaso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90016-7","article-title":"Nocturnal and circadian body temperatures of depressed outpatients during symptomatic and recovered states","volume":"51","author":"TH Monk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03193.x","article-title":"Sleep stage physiology, mood, and vigilance responses to total sleep deprivation in healthy 80-year-olds and 20-year-olds","volume":"27","author":"DH Brendel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01601.x","article-title":"Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation, with and without chronic physical exercise, on mood and performance","volume":"22","author":"RG Angus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90207-2","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality","volume":"28","author":"E Souetre","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.3\/alewy","article-title":"The phase shift hypothesis for the circadian component of winter depression","volume":"9","author":"AJ Lewy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2008.10.3\/awjustice","article-title":"Diurnal variation of depressive symptoms","volume":"10","author":"A. Wirz-Justice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.08.019","article-title":"Advanced Circadian Phase in Mania and Delayed Circadian Phase in Mixed Mania and Depression Returned to Normal after Treatment of Bipolar Disorder","volume":"11","author":"JH Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000439.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01034-x","article-title":"Exome sequencing in bipolar disorder identifies AKAP11 as a risk gene shared with schizophrenia","volume":"54","author":"DS Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13470","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13470","article-title":"Regulation of persistent sodium currents by glycogen synthase kinase 3 encodes daily rhythms of neuronal excitability","volume":"7","author":"JR Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.06.002","article-title":"How to assess circadian rhythm in humans: a review of literature","volume":"13","author":"WA Hofstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000439.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00581.x","article-title":"Robust circadian rhythm in heart rate and its variability: influence of exogenous melatonin and photoperiod","volume":"16","author":"G Vandewalle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27498-9","article-title":"Author Correction: Distinct circadian mechanisms govern cardiac rhythms and susceptibility to arrhythmia","volume":"12","author":"EA Hayter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/24.3.210","article-title":"Circadian variation of heart rate variability","volume":"24","author":"SC Malpas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000439.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.08.026","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"N Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.674592","article-title":"A circadian rhythm in heart rate variability contributes to the increased cardiac sympathovagal response to awakening in the morning","volume":"29","author":"P Boudreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000439.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.2.179","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of heart rate and heart rate variability","volume":"83","author":"MM Massin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000439.ref034","article-title":"A method for characterizing daily physiology from widely used wearables","volume":"1","author":"C Bowman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref035","unstructured":"MATLAB. 2020a ed. Natick, MA: The Math Works, Inc; 2020."},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref036","unstructured":"Fitbit. Fitbit Charge 2 User Manual. [cited 2022]; Available from: https:\/\/staticcs.fitbit.com\/content\/assets\/help\/manuals\/manual_charge_2_en_US.pdf."},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.41","article-title":"A prospective cohort study investigating factors associated with depression during medical internship","volume":"67","author":"S Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15033","DOI":"10.2196\/15033","article-title":"Assessing Real-Time Moderation for Developing Adaptive Mobile Health Interventions for Medical Interns: Micro-Randomized Trial","volume":"22","author":"T NeCamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref040","author":"GaD Van Rossum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Python reference manual: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Amsterdam"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.120","article-title":"Accuracy of wrist-worn heart rate monitors for rate control assessment in atrial fibrillation","volume":"300","author":"AM Al-Kaisey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref042","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms and Hormonal Homeostasis: Pathophysiological Implications","volume":"6","author":"D Gnocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Interaction between circadian rhythms and stress","volume":"6","author":"CE Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730410368413","article-title":"Acute effects of bright light exposure on cortisol levels","volume":"25","author":"CM Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"12","key":"pdig.0000439.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.059","article-title":"Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System","volume":"27","author":"SMT Wehrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pdig.0000439.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.011","article-title":"Detailed time course of the cortisol awakening response in healthy participants","volume":"62","author":"N Smyth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000439.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-55-4-757","article-title":"Diurnal cortisol peaks and their relationships to meals","volume":"55","author":"M Follenius","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2140\/camcos.2010.5.65","article-title":"Ensemble Samplers with Affine Invariance","volume":"5","author":"J Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comm App Math Com Sc"},{"issue":"13","key":"pdig.0000439.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref051","first-page":"545","article-title":"Food intake as a mechanism of temperature regulation","volume":"20","author":"JR Brobeck","year":"1948","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000439.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E463","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2098","article-title":"Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans","volume":"96","author":"JJ Gooley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000439.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200053477","article-title":"The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance","volume":"22","author":"J Waterhouse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1080","article-title":"The Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids","volume":"38","author":"H Oster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pdig.0000439.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.597531","article-title":"Calculating the dim light melatonin onset: the impact of threshold and sampling rate","volume":"28","author":"TA Molina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.11.008","article-title":"Laboratory validation of an in-home method for assessing circadian phase using dim light melatonin onset (DLMO)","volume":"13","author":"RE Pullman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(82)90020-9","article-title":"Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder","volume":"4","author":"DH Avery","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000439.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.03.006","article-title":"24-h Monitoring of plasma norepinephrine, MHPG, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in depression","volume":"38","author":"HW Koenigsberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref059","first-page":"7","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Ways of Determining Circadian Rhythms in Humans","volume":"36","author":"S Crnko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13253","article-title":"Sleep deprivation as treatment for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"M Ioannou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000439.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00969-0","article-title":"Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: managing the chaos of bipolar disorder","volume":"48","author":"E Frank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10381-w","article-title":"Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"269","author":"G Fatemeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75245-9","article-title":"Circadian misalignment increases mood vulnerability in simulated shift work","volume":"10","author":"SL Chellappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32833299d4","article-title":"Current research on affective temperaments","volume":"23","author":"Z Rihmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000439.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2020.69","article-title":"The affective neuroscience of socioeconomic status: implications for mental health","volume":"44","author":"Y Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000439.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00400-z","article-title":"Day-to-day variability in sleep parameters and depression risk: a prospective cohort study of training physicians","volume":"4","author":"Y Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pdig.0000439.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.964","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression","volume":"23","author":"A Germain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pdig.0000439.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12688","article-title":"Circadian rhythm in bipolar disorder: A review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Y. Takaesu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000439.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.03.009","article-title":"Furthering the reliable and valid measurement of mental health screening, diagnoses, treatment and outcomes through health information technology","volume":"35","author":"JE Haberer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000439.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01025868","article-title":"On the histogram as a density estimator: L 2 theory","volume":"57","author":"D Freedman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und verwandte Gebiete"}],"container-title":["PLOS Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T18:23:51Z","timestamp":1706725431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000439"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Danilo","family":"Pani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}