{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T18:06:00Z","timestamp":1783965960714,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovationsfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9090-00089B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9090-00089B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovationsfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9090-00089B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9090-00089B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021851","name":"William Demant Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosdigitalhealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Digit Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The user-operated audiometry (UAud) project aims at introducing an automated system for user-operated audiometric testing into everyday clinical practice. Here, we focus on the Audible Contrast Threshold (ACT) test, which has been proposed as a language-independent alternative to aided speech-in-noise tests. Five distinct user-operated ACT (U-ACT) test candidates were evaluated in terms of performance, reliability, and usability against two established test benchmarks. The study involved 28 participants with diverse hearing and cognitive abilities. The results demonstrated that the primary factor influencing the reliability of test results was the type of task. In terms of usability, the participants reported positive experience with all test candidates, with the Yes\/No task resulting in the lowest perceived difficulty and the best understanding. Overall, a test candidate with a custom adaptive procedure inspired by audiologists\u2019 experiences with ACT was chosen for the UAud protocol as a user-operated test of hearing-in-noise perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T17:33:19Z","timestamp":1783963999000},"page":"e0000975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-dimensional evaluation of user-operated audible contrast sensitivity tests towards efficient hearing healthcare services"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-2339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raul","family":"Sanchez-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Zaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Laugesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10278","key":"pdig.0000975.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00516-X","article-title":"Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","author":"GBD 2019 Hearing Loss Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000975.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527367","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2527367","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of hearing loss from 1990 to 2021: findings from the 2021 global burden of disease study","volume":"57","author":"Y Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000975.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2021.1881318","article-title":"The World Report on Hearing - a new era for global hearing care","volume":"60","author":"JL Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pdig.0000975.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2025.2112","article-title":"Using supply and demand to identify shortages in the hearing health care professional workforce","volume":"151","author":"J Garuccio","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000975.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002823","article-title":"Service delivery approaches related to hearing aids in low- and middle-income countries or resource-limited settings: a systematic scoping review","volume":"4","author":"LK Dillard","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2008\/07-0047)","article-title":"Automated pure-tone audiometry: an analysis of capacity, need, and benefit","volume":"17","author":"RH Margolis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.24.5.7","article-title":"Demand for audiology services: 30-yr projections and impact on academic programs","volume":"24","author":"IM Windmill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000975.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJA-21-00233","article-title":"Factors affecting the use of speech testing in adult audiology","volume":"31","author":"BJ Parmar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724748","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.724748","article-title":"User-Operated Audiometry Project (UAud) - introducing an automated user-operated system for audiometric testing into everyday clinic practice","volume":"3","author":"C Sidiras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67423-5","article-title":"Presbycusis","volume":"366","author":"GA Gates","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000975.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802127109","article-title":"On the auditory and cognitive functions that may explain an individual\u2019s elevation of the speech reception threshold in noise","volume":"47","author":"T Houtgast","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pdig.0000975.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1219775","article-title":"Hearing impairment, cognition and speech understanding: exploratory factor analyses of a comprehensive test battery for a group of hearing aid users, the n200 study","volume":"55","author":"J R\u00f6nnberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00307","article-title":"The role of auditory and cognitive factors in understanding speech in noise by normal-hearing older listeners","volume":"6","author":"T Schoof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"10248","key":"pdig.0000975.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2023.3509","article-title":"Hearing loss, hearing aid use, and risk of dementia in older adults","volume":"150","author":"ML Cantuaria","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.22.4.796","article-title":"The aging decision maker: cognitive aging and the adaptive selection of decision strategies","volume":"22","author":"R Mata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636116","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.636116","article-title":"Usability and user experience of cognitive intervention technologies for elderly people with MCI or dementia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"LM Contreras-Somoza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/82881","article-title":"Digital health technologies applied in patients with early cognitive change: scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pdig.0000975.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327726","article-title":"Usability of a hearing test mobile app across generations","volume":"20","author":"M Pastucha","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.24.4.2","article-title":"Introduction: auditory models of suprathreshold distortion in persons with impaired hearing","volume":"24","author":"KW Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381753","article-title":"Auditory handicap of hearing impairment and the limited benefit of hearing aids","volume":"63","author":"R Plomp","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref022","article-title":"The quest for ecological validity in hearing science: what it is, why it matters, and how to advance it","volume":"41","author":"G Keidser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2015.1030513","article-title":"International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology (ICRA) recommendations for the construction of multilingual speech tests: ICRA Working Group on Multilingual Speech Tests","volume":"54","author":"MA Akeroyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216516641055","article-title":"The influence of cochlear mechanical dysfunction, temporal processing deficits, and age on the intelligibility of audible speech in noise for hearing-impaired listeners","author":"PT Johannesen","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000975.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3097469","article-title":"Relations between frequency selectivity, temporal fine-structure processing, and speech reception in impaired hearing","volume":"125","author":"O Strelcyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.24.4.5","article-title":"Spectrotemporal modulation sensitivity as a predictor of speech intelligibility for hearing-impaired listeners","volume":"24","author":"JGW Bernstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000975.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428100","article-title":"Spectro-temporal modulation transfer functions and speech intelligibility","volume":"106","author":"T Chi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2022.108650","article-title":"Toward a clinically viable spectro-temporal modulation test for predicting supra-threshold speech reception in hearing-impaired listeners","volume":"427","author":"J Zaar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref029","article-title":"Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics","volume":"49","author":"H Levitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.04.015","article-title":"Measuring contrast sensitivity","volume":"90","author":"DG Pelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2015-0034","article-title":"Next-generation vision testing: the quick CSF","volume":"1","author":"M Dorr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Dir Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000975.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4881918","article-title":"Spectrotemporal modulation sensitivity for hearing-impaired listeners: dependence on carrier center frequency and the relationship to speech intelligibility","volume":"136","author":"G Mehraei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331216516670387","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216516670387","article-title":"Spectrotemporal modulation sensitivity as a predictor of speech-reception performance in noise with hearing aids","volume":"20","author":"JGW Bernstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2024.108949","article-title":"A spectro-temporal modulation test for predicting speech reception in hearing-impaired listeners with hearing aids","volume":"443","author":"J Zaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2024.109103","article-title":"The Audible Contrast Threshold (ACT) test: a clinical spectro-temporal modulation detection test","volume":"453","author":"J Zaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000975.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020903092608","article-title":"AMTAS: automated method for testing auditory sensitivity: validation studies","volume":"49","author":"RH Margolis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2018.1519034","article-title":"RAMES \u2013 Framework supporting user centred evaluation in research and practice","volume":"38","author":"MK Larusdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref038","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047235","article-title":"Revised administration and scoring of the digit span test","volume":"21","author":"HL blackburn","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pdig.0000975.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1936-19.2020","article-title":"Effects of sensorineural hearing loss on cortical synchronization to competing speech during selective attention","volume":"40","author":"SA Fuglsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327884mca0503_3","article-title":"How to study thinking in everyday life: contrasting think-aloud protocols with descriptions and explanations of thinking","volume":"5","author":"KA Ericsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mind Cult Act"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2404.330","article-title":"Preferred method for clinical determination of pure-tone thresholds","volume":"24","author":"R Carhart","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref043","article-title":"A review of key Likert scale development advances: 1995\u20132019","volume":"12","author":"AT Jebb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5256","article-title":"Reliability, repeatability and reproducibility: analysis of measurement errors in continuous variables","volume":"31","author":"JW Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref046","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"6","author":"JM Bland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding Bland Altman analysis","volume":"25","author":"D Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000975.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2708745","article-title":"New precision metrics for contrast sensitivity testing","volume":"22","author":"M Dorr","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref049","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen CB, Pedersen C, Pedersen ER, Schmidt JH, Nielsen J. Observed issues and their prevalence when patients conduct user-operated audiometry: International Symposium on Auditory and Audiological Research. The Conference was ISAAR2023, Nyborg, Denmark, 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4813802","article-title":"The development of a modified spectral ripple test","volume":"134","author":"JM Aronoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000975.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000713","article-title":"Validating a quick spectral modulation detection task","volume":"40","author":"DM Landsberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0002108","article-title":"Portable Automated Rapid Testing (PART) for auditory assessment: validation in a young adult normal-hearing population","volume":"148","author":"ES Lelo de Larrea-Mancera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23312165251397373","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165251397373","article-title":"At-home auditory assessment using Portable Automated Rapid Testing (PART) to understand self-reported hearing difficulties","volume":"29","author":"ES Lelo de Larrea-Mancera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"issue":"3","key":"pdig.0000975.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003604","article-title":"Exponential spectro-temporal modulation generation","volume":"149","author":"TA Stavropoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"pdig.0000975.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0013221","article-title":"Remote auditory assessment using Portable Automated Rapid Testing (PART) and participant-owned devices","volume":"152","author":"ES Lelo de Larrea-Mancera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"pdig.0000975.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-023-02743-z","article-title":"Validation of the adaptive scan method in the quest for time-efficient methods of testing auditory processes","volume":"85","author":"ES Lelo de Larrea-Mancera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2018.24.4.263","article-title":"Automated audiometry: a review of the implementation and evaluation methods","volume":"24","author":"H Shojaeemend","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000975.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2013.769065","article-title":"Clinical validation of the AMTAS automated audiometer","volume":"52","author":"RH Eikelboom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000975.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15102","article-title":"Validation of the Home Hearing Test\u2122","volume":"27","author":"RH Margolis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of hearing-aid effectiveness based on user-operated versus traditional audiometry: a randomised clinical trial","author":"C Pedersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12875","article-title":"How to ask about patient satisfaction? The visual analogue scale is less vulnerable to confounding factors and ceiling effect than a symmetric Likert scale","volume":"72","author":"A Voutilainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1041-8","article-title":"The Visual Analogue Scale for Rating, Ranking and Paired-Comparison (VAS-RRP): a new technique for psychological measurement","volume":"50","author":"Y-T Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"pdig.0000975.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-02021-0","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of responses to visual analog scales: inter- and intra-individual variability","volume":"55","author":"MA Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000975.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099485","article-title":"Is the pain visual analogue scale linear and responsive to change? An exploration using Rasch analysis","volume":"9","author":"P Kersten","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0000975.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161020700542X","article-title":"Mini-mental State Examination performance in mild cognitive impairment subtypes","volume":"19","author":"BSO Diniz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0000975.ref067","article-title":"Comparing the accuracy and speed of manual and tracking methods of measuring hearing thresholds","volume":"37","author":"GL Poling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000975.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000436255.53747.a4","article-title":"Validity of automated threshold audiometry: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"F Mahomed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Landauer TK. A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI \u201993, 1993. p. 206\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/169059.169166","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169166"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2753\/RPO1061-0405250150","article-title":"The influence of feedback on the detectability of a signal","volume":"25","author":"MB MIkhalevskaya","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sov Psychol"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoglund EM, Feth LL. Bayesian analysis of the impact of incomplete feedback on response bias. In: Sydney, Australia, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/2.0001851","DOI":"10.1121\/2.0001851"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2023.00388","article-title":"Improving accuracy and reliability of hearing tests: an exploration of international standards","volume":"27","author":"MJ Suh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Audiol Otol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000975.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2816567","article-title":"Comparison of adaptive psychometric procedures motivated by the theory of optimal experiments: simulated and experimental results","volume":"123","author":"JJ Remus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"pdig.0000975.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1479152","article-title":"Efficient adaptive procedures for threshold and concurrent slope estimates for psychophysics and speech intelligibility tests","volume":"111","author":"T Brand","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.77.05zab","article-title":"The nature of the audiovisual text and its parameters","author":"P Zabalbeascoa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Benjamins Translation Library"},{"key":"pdig.0000975.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients","volume":"1","author":"KO McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000975.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18.1.7","article-title":"Qualind: a method for assessing the accuracy of automated tests","volume":"18","author":"RH Margolis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000975","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T17:33:32Z","timestamp":1783964012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000975"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000975","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}}}