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It is acknowledged that literature translating fundamental pathology concepts for computer scientists remains limited, which further complicates the understanding of the field, especially for those entering the field. In this context, and aligned with the mission of the European Society of Digital and Integrative Pathology (ESDIP) to promote education and interdisciplinary collaboration in digital and computational pathology, this work aims to provide a comprehensive yet accessible guide to pathology for computational scientists and other researchers. Herein, we present an overview of the pathology laboratory workflow, digital pathology and whole-slide imaging, diagnostic fundamentals of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases, and current applications of AI in pathology. This guide is designed as a practical reference and educational resource to support computer scientists new to the field and to promote more effective collaboration between medical and computational communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0001148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:36:47Z","timestamp":1778693807000},"page":"e0001148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding (digital) histopathology: The building blocks for computational researchers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Salma","family":"Dammak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Montezuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-2998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"L\u2019Imperio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-9079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the European Society of Digital and Integrative Pathology (ESDIP)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pdig.0001148.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813257-9.00011-5","article-title":"Pathology: the clinical description of human disease.","volume-title":"Essential Concepts in Molecular Pathology","author":"WK Funkhouser","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0001148.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-024-02492-z","article-title":"The pathologist job","volume":"40","author":"K Br\u00e4utigam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0001148.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012708","article-title":"The tumour histopathology \u201cglossary\u201d for AI developers","volume":"21","author":"S Mandal","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pdig.0001148.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/10520290903039052","article-title":"Special symposium: fixation and tissue processing models","volume":"84","author":"WE Grizzle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0001148.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028909061071","article-title":"The effects of progressive formaldehyde fixation on the preservation of tissue antigens","volume":"21","author":"AS Leong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0001148.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1309\/QPHDRB00QXGMUQ9N","article-title":"Minimum formalin fixation time for consistent estrogen receptor immunohistochemical staining of invasive breast carcinoma","volume":"120","author":"NS Goldstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pdig.0001148.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02513.x","article-title":"Quantification of immunohistochemistry\u2014issues concerning methods, utility and semiquantitative assessment II","volume":"49","author":"CR Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0001148.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-025-09855-2","article-title":"Impact of tissue thickness on computational quantification of features in whole slide images for diagnostic pathology","volume":"36","author":"M Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"pdig.0001148.ref009","unstructured":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research. 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