{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:11:43Z","timestamp":1793016703992,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233273600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T17:52:59Z","timestamp":1233251579000},"page":"e1000360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":398,"title":["Reduced Neutrophil Count in People of African Descent Is Due To a Regulatory Variant in the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Gene"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Reich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nalls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. H. Linda","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ermeg L.","family":"Akylbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arti","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mullikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chi","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Coresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Boerwinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Waliszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tennille S.","family":"Leak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette","family":"Ekunwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe C.","family":"Files","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Zmuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Ziv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara B.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-194103000-00013","article-title":"Leukopenia in Negro workmen.","volume":"201","author":"WH Forbes","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196612222752504","article-title":"Leukopenia in Negroes.","volume":"275","author":"GO Broun Jr","year":"1966","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"77","article-title":"Reference values for the total and differential leukocyte count.","volume":"11","author":"OW van Assendelft","year":"1985","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00004","article-title":"Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences.","volume":"146","author":"MM Hsieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1053\/lc.1999.v133.a94931","article-title":"Benign ethnic neutropenia: what is a normal absolute neutrophil count?","volume":"133","author":"TB Haddy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.09.003","article-title":"Admixture mapping of white cell count: genetic locus responsible for lower white blood cell count in the Health ABC and Jackson Heart studies.","volume":"82","author":"MA Nalls","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602","article-title":"The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy.","volume":"295","author":"LH Miller","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7689250","article-title":"A receptor for the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax: the erythrocyte chemokine receptor.","volume":"261","author":"R Horuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.06.002","article-title":"Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines mediates trans-infection of HIV-1 from red blood cells to target cells and affects HIV-AIDS susceptibility.","volume":"4","author":"W He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06258","article-title":"A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs.","volume":"449","author":"KA Frazer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1086\/420871","article-title":"Methods for high-density admixture mapping of disease genes.","volume":"74","author":"N Patterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref12","author":"PI de Bakker","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.194201","article-title":"SSAHA: a fast search method for large DNA databases.","volume":"11","author":"Z Ning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","article-title":"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.","volume":"409","author":"ES Lander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"173","article-title":"Duffy, Kell and P blood group systems in some Jewish populations of Israel.","volume":"4","author":"E Kobyliansky","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Anthropogenet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90391-7","article-title":"Marrow granulocyte reserves in black Americans. Hydrocortisone-induced granulocytosis in the \u201cbenign\u201d neutropenia of the black.","volume":"67","author":"BA Mason","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81366-6","article-title":"Leukocyte response to administration of corticosteroid in healthy black children with neutropenia.","volume":"124","author":"TB Haddy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1982.00340170157024","article-title":"The mechanism of benign hereditary neutropenia.","volume":"142","author":"Y Shoenfeld","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.6.481","article-title":"Exercise induced mobilisation of the marginated granulocyte pool in the investigation of ethnic neutropenia.","volume":"53","author":"D Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0695-224","article-title":"Disruption of a GATA motif in the Duffy gene promoter abolishes erythroid gene expression in Duffy-negative individuals.","volume":"10","author":"C Tournamille","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.4.1311","article-title":"The Duffy antigen\/receptor for chemokines (DARC) is expressed in endothelial cells of Duffy negative individuals who lack the erythrocyte receptor.","volume":"181","author":"SC Peiper","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25348","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.43.25348","article-title":"Chemokine class differences in binding to the Duffy antigen-erythrocyte chemokine receptor.","volume":"270","author":"MC Szabo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.06.146","article-title":"The human Duffy antigen binds selected inflammatory but not homeostatic chemokines.","volume":"321","author":"L Gardner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0341005","article-title":"Throwing light on DARC.","volume":"34","author":"M Pruenster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.018","article-title":"Non-signaling chemokine receptors: mechanism of action and role in vivo.","volume":"198","author":"R Bonecchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5244","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.10.5244","article-title":"Duffy antigen facilitates movement of chemokine across the endothelium in vitro and promotes neutrophil transmigration in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"170","author":"JS Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.9.3097-3101.2000","article-title":"Deletion of the murine Duffy gene (Dfy) reveals that the Duffy receptor is functionally redundant.","volume":"20","author":"H Luo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6009507","article-title":"Identification of mouse Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (Darc) as a BMD QTL gene.","volume":"17","author":"B Edderkaoui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000297875.55969.DB","article-title":"Duffy antigen modifies the chemokine response in human endotoxemia.","volume":"36","author":"FB Mayr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg073","article-title":"Ethnic neutropenia and treatment delay in African American women undergoing chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer.","volume":"95","author":"D Hershman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230500048026","article-title":"Leukocytosis in acute appendicitis. Observed racial difference.","volume":"229","author":"P Hyman","year":"1974","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.3.405","article-title":"Differences in polymorphonuclear cell counts between healthy white and black infants: response to meningitis.","volume":"72","author":"PD Sadowitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"23","article-title":"The outcome of bacterial infection in subjects with benign familial leukopenia (BFL).","volume":"39","author":"Y Shoenfeld","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000204738","article-title":"Normal fluctuations of leucocyte counts and the response to infection in benign familial leucopenia.","volume":"87","author":"MA Weingarten","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"4","article-title":"Toward resolution of cardiovascular health disparities in African Americans: design and methods of the Jackson Heart Study.","volume":"15","author":"HA Taylor Jr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06500.x","article-title":"Reexamining the sarcopenia hypothesis. Muscle mass versus muscle strength. Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study Research Group.","volume":"904","author":"M Visser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115184","article-title":"The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives.","volume":"129","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2003.68.69","article-title":"Highly parallel SNP genotyping.","volume":"68","author":"JB Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1086\/513206","article-title":"Admixture mapping of an allele affecting interleukin 6 soluble receptor and interleukin 6 levels.","volume":"80","author":"D Reich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.16.3761","article-title":"Allelic discrimination by nick-translation PCR with fluorogenic probes.","volume":"21","author":"LG Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1646","article-title":"A whole-genome admixture scan finds a candidate locus for multiple sclerosis susceptibility.","volume":"37","author":"D Reich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men.","author":"ML Freedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10016","article-title":"Chip-based genotyping by mass spectrometry.","volume":"96","author":"K Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20217","article-title":"Genetic model testing and statistical power in population-based association studies of quantitative traits.","volume":"31","author":"G Lettre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06862","article-title":"Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes.","volume":"453","author":"JM Kidd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058040","article-title":"The sequence of the human genome.","volume":"291","author":"JC Venter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050254","article-title":"The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.","volume":"5","author":"S Levy","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/35057149","article-title":"A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms.","volume":"409","author":"R Sachidanandam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04226","article-title":"A haplotype map of the human genome.","volume":"437","author":"D Altshuler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["PLoS Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T14:44:11Z","timestamp":1709995451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000360"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Visscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000360","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]}}}