{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:25:24Z","timestamp":1789421124328,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000}}],"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35 GM-124715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35 GM-124715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Colciencias","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FP44842-503-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP44842-503-2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AI048071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AI048071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI-110818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI-110818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Characterising connectivity between geographically separated biological populations is a common goal in many fields. Recent approaches to understanding connectivity between malaria parasite populations, with implications for disease control efforts, have used estimates of relatedness based on identity-by-descent (IBD). However, uncertainty around estimated relatedness has not been accounted for. IBD-based relatedness estimates with uncertainty were computed for pairs of monoclonal<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>samples collected from five cities on the Colombian-Pacific coast where long-term clonal propagation of<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>is frequent. The cities include two official ports, Buenaventura and Tumaco, that are separated geographically but connected by frequent marine traffic. Fractions of highly-related sample pairs (whose classification using a threshold accounts for uncertainty) were greater within cities versus between. However, based on both highly-related fractions and on a threshold-free approach (Wasserstein distances between parasite populations) connectivity between Buenaventura and Tumaco was disproportionally high. Buenaventura-Tumaco connectivity was consistent with transmission events involving parasites from five clonal components (groups of statistically indistinguishable parasites identified under a graph theoretic framework). To conclude,<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>population connectivity on the Colombian-Pacific coast abides by accessibility not isolation-by-distance, potentially implicating marine traffic in malaria transmission with opportunities for targeted intervention. Further investigations are required to test this hypothesis. For the first time in malaria epidemiology (and to our knowledge in ecological and epidemiological studies more generally), we account for uncertainty around estimated relatedness (an important consideration for studies that plan to use genotype versus whole genome sequence data to estimate IBD-based relatedness); we also use threshold-free methods to compare parasite populations and identify clonal components. Threshold-free methods are especially important in analyses of malaria parasites and other recombining organisms with mixed mating systems where thresholds do not have clear interpretation (e.g. due to clonal propagation) and thus undermine the cross-comparison of studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T18:35:24Z","timestamp":1605551724000},"page":"e1009101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Identity-by-descent with uncertainty characterises connectivity of Plasmodium falciparum populations on the Colombian-Pacific coast"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-8992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aimee R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0301-4478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego F.","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-0204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy J. C.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Neafsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8386-5899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline O.","family":"Buckee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2784-0","article-title":"Use cases for genetic epidemiology in malaria elimination","volume":"18","author":"R Dalmat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgen.1009101.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1044","article-title":"Phylogeny estimation: traditional and Bayesian approaches","volume":"4","author":"M Holder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature reviews genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgen.1009101.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.03.009","article-title":"Measurably evolving pathogens in the genomic era","volume":"30","author":"R Biek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in ecology & evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgen.1009101.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.148825","article-title":"Identity by descent: variation in meiosis, across genomes, and in populations","volume":"194","author":"EA Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgen.1009101.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007065","article-title":"Quantifying connectivity between local Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite populations using identity by descent","volume":"13","author":"AR Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13870","article-title":"Do selfing species have greater niche breadth? Support from ecological niche modeling","volume":"74","author":"AG Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0199-0_11","volume-title":"Statistical Population Genomics","author":"TM Mattila","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgen.1009101.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.12.007","article-title":"Single cell sequencing shines a light on malaria parasite relatedness in complex infections","volume":"36","author":"SV Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref009","first-page":"907","article-title":"The analysis of infection rates in diseases in which super infection occurs","volume":"47","author":"G Macdonald","year":"1950","journal-title":"Tropical diseases bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgen.1009101.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/3.3.211","article-title":"On superinfection in malaria","volume":"3","author":"I N\u00e5sell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA"},{"issue":"1738","key":"pgen.1009101.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0113","article-title":"Close kinship within multiple-genotype malaria parasite infections","volume":"279","author":"SC Nkhoma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.12.001","article-title":"Co-transmission of Related Malaria Parasite Lineages Shapes Within-Host Parasite Diversity","volume":"27","author":"SC Nkhoma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-2","article-title":"Long term persistence of clonal malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum lineages in the Colombian Pacific region","volume":"14","author":"DF Echeverry","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.11228.1","article-title":"Geographic-genetic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations from surveys of primary school children in Western Kenya","volume":"2","author":"I Omedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome open research"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref015","first-page":"10","article-title":"Micro-epidemiological structuring of Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in regions with varying transmission intensities in Africa","volume":"2","author":"I Omedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome open research"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43510","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43510","article-title":"Using parasite genetic and human mobility data to infer local and cross-border malaria connectivity in Southern Africa","volume":"8","author":"S Tessema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000900015","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of malaria in Colombia","volume":"106","author":"JCP Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgen.1009101.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203673","article-title":"Malaria intensity in Colombia by regions and populations","volume":"13","author":"A Feged-Rivadeneira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150382","article-title":"Malaria in gold-mining areas in Colombia","volume":"111","author":"A Castellanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1925-6","article-title":"Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: current challenges in malaria control and elimination","volume":"16","author":"J Recht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgen.1009101.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30086-0","article-title":"Increasing malaria in Venezuela threatens regional progress","volume":"18","author":"JP Daniels","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60676-1","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum transmission within a spatial unit on the Colombian Pacific Coast","volume":"10","author":"A Knudson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6375","key":"pgen.1009101.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar5440","article-title":"Malaria in Venezuela requires response","volume":"359","author":"ME Grillet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgen.1009101.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.181355","article-title":"Effects of political instability in Venezuela on malaria resurgence at Ecuador\u2013Peru border, 2018","volume":"25","author":"R Jaramillo-Ochoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30745-X","article-title":"Venezuela in crisis","volume":"19","author":"JP Daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.02.004","article-title":"Consequences of Venezuela\u2019s massive migration crisis on imported malaria in Colombia, 2016-2018","volume":"28","author":"AJ Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12741.2","article-title":"Scale up of a Plasmodium falciparum elimination program and surveillance system in Kayin State, Myanmar","volume":"2","author":"DM Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome open research"},{"issue":"10133","key":"pgen.1009101.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30792-X","article-title":"Effect of generalised access to early diagnosis and treatment and targeted mass drug administration on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Myanmar: an observational study of a regional elimination programme","volume":"391","author":"J Landier","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgen.1009101.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AME-0002-2018","article-title":"Population genetics and molecular epidemiology of eukaryotes","volume":"6","author":"RE Blanton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiology spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mapping malaria by combining parasite genomic and epidemiologic data","volume":"16","author":"A Wesolowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51773","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51773","article-title":"Determinants of MDA impact and designing MDAs towards malaria elimination","volume":"9","author":"B Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgen.1009101.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.119.302120","article-title":"Estimating relatedness between malaria parasites","volume":"212","author":"AR Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgen.1009101.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R171","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-12-r171","article-title":"Genome-wide SNP genotyping highlights the role of natural selection in Plasmodium falciparum population divergence","volume":"9","author":"DE Neafsey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome biology"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"pgen.1009101.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000073","article-title":"Computational optimal transport","volume":"11","author":"G Peyr\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Machine Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgen.1009101.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pre-print: A cautionary note on the use of machine learning algorithms to characterise malaria parasite population structure from genetic distance matrices","author":"JA Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref037","first-page":"a038489","article-title":"The Ecology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses","author":"M Wille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.06.007","article-title":"Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: Emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains","volume":"534","author":"EM Katz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neisseria meningitidis: using genomics to understand diversity, evolution and pathogenesis","author":"DA Caugant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgen.1009101.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-1878(200012)22:12<1115::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Population structure and evolutionary dynamics of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"22","author":"JM Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgen.1009101.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02357-7","article-title":"The clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: 12 years on","volume":"18","author":"M Tibayrenc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgen.1009101.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.12.010","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Central and South America revealed high diversity within and between populations","volume":"12","author":"C Rajendran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgen.1009101.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium","volume":"4","author":"JL Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature microbiology"},{"issue":"1706","key":"pgen.1009101.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150540","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0540","article-title":"The frequency of sex in fungi","volume":"371","author":"BP Nieuwenhuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgen.1009101.ref045","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Graph drawing by force-directed placement","volume":"21","author":"TM Fruchterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Software: Practice and experience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1019-2","article-title":"Clonal population expansion in an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum on the northwest coast of Ecuador","volume":"14","author":"FE S\u00e1enz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2891-y","article-title":"Diverse origin of Plasmodium falciparum in northwest Ecuador","volume":"18","author":"CA Vera-Arias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgen.1009101.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/164.4.1567","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies","volume":"164","author":"D Falush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"7778","key":"pgen.1009101.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1622-4","article-title":"Windborne long-distance migration of malaria mosquitoes in the Sahel","volume":"574","author":"DL Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2013.11.002","article-title":"Flight distance of mosquitoes (Culicidae): a metadata analysis to support the management of barrier zones around rewetted and newly constructed wetlands","volume":"45","author":"PF Verdonschot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgen.1009101.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007310","article-title":"Limited differentiation among Plasmodium vivax populations from the northwest and to the south Pacific Coast of Colombia: A malaria corridor?","volume":"13","author":"MA Pacheco","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgen.1009101.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003648","article-title":"River boats contribute to the regional spread of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"9","author":"SA Guagliardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.47.091201.145206","article-title":"Invasions by insect vectors of human disease","volume":"47","author":"LP Lounibos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annual review of entomology"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000900028","article-title":"Malaria vector species in Colombia: a review","volume":"106","author":"J Montoya-Lerma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-259","article-title":"Population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus from the Caribbean and the Pacific regions of Colombia","volume":"8","author":"LA Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref056","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud Colombia, Direcci\u00f3n de Vigilancia y Analisis del Riesgo en Salud P\u00fablica. Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Semanal: semana epidemiol\u00f3gica 52; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/Paginas\/Vista-Boletin-Epidemilogico.aspx."},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud Colombia, Direcci\u00f3n de Vigilancia y Analisis del Riesgo en Salud P\u00fablica. Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Semanal: semana epidemiol\u00f3gica 52; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/Paginas\/Vista-Boletin-Epidemilogico.aspx.","DOI":"10.33610\/23576189.2019.52"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud Colombia, Direcci\u00f3n de Vigilancia y Analisis del Riesgo en Salud P\u00fablica. Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Semanal: semana epidemiol\u00f3gica 52; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/Paginas\/Vista-Boletin-Epidemilogico.aspx.","DOI":"10.33610\/23576189.2019.52"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref059","first-page":"142","article-title":"Las migraciones internacionales en Colombia","volume":"20","author":"M Wabgou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n & Desarrollo"},{"issue":"407","key":"pgen.1009101.ref060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatial distributions of Anopheles species in relation to malaria incidence at 70 localities in the highly endemic Northwest and South Pacific coast regions of Colombia","volume":"15","author":"ML Ahumada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgen.1009101.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10121-3","article-title":"Genomic structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia reveal recent parasite migration patterns","volume":"10","author":"AC Shetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgen.1009101.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103769","article-title":"Malaria vectors in ecologically heterogeneous localities of the Colombian Pacific region","volume":"9","author":"N Naranjo-D\u00edaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgen.1009101.ref063","first-page":"1","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network research","volume":"1695","author":"G Csardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJournal, complex systems"},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref064","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"pgen.1009101.ref065","unstructured":"Schuhmacher D, B\u00e4hre B, Gottschlich C, Hartmann V, Heinemann F, Schmitzer B. transport: Computation of Optimal Transport Plans and Wasserstein Distances; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=transport."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T09:03:34Z","timestamp":1669626214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Sirugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009101","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]}}}