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In species with XY sex chromosomes, females often outlive males. Males and females can differ in their overall repeat content due to the repetitive Y chromosome, and repeats on the Y might lower survival of the heterogametic sex (toxic Y effect). Here, we take advantage of the well-assembled young Y chromosome of\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila miranda<\/jats:italic>\n                    to study the sex-specific dynamics of chromatin structure and repeat expression during aging in male and female flies. Male\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>miranda<\/jats:italic>\n                    have about twice as much repetitive DNA compared to females, and live shorter than females. Heterochromatin is crucial for silencing of repetitive elements, yet old\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>miranda<\/jats:italic>\n                    flies lose H3K9me3 modifications in their pericentromere, with heterochromatin loss being more severe during aging in males than females. Satellite DNA becomes de-repressed more rapidly in old vs. young male flies relative to females. In contrast to what is observed in\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we find that transposable elements (TEs) are expressed at higher levels in male\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>miranda<\/jats:italic>\n                    throughout their life. We show that epigenetic silencing via heterochromatin formation is ineffective on the TE-rich neo-Y chromosome, presumably due to active transcription of a large number of neo-Y linked genes, resulting in up-regulation of Y-linked TEs already in young males. This is consistent with an interaction between the evolutionary age of the Y chromosome and the genomic effects of aging. Our data support growing evidence that \u201ctoxic Y chromosomes\u201d can diminish male fitness and a reduction in heterochromatin can contribute to sex-specific aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T13:30:55Z","timestamp":1619098255000},"page":"e1009438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Toxic Y chromosome: Increased repeat expression and age-associated heterochromatin loss in male Drosophila with a young Y chromosome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-9763","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison 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