{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1771632689918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collie Health Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Upright Canine Brigade"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02654-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02654-E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20GM109094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus (CIM) is a gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorder of dogs in which reduced peristaltic activity and dilation of the esophagus prevent the normal transport of food into the stomach. Affected puppies regurgitate meals and water, fail to thrive, and experience complications such as aspiration pneumonia that may necessitate euthanasia. The German shepherd dog (GSD) has the highest disease incidence, indicative of a genetic predisposition. Here, we discover that male GSDs are twice as likely to be affected as females and show that the sex bias is independent of body size. We propose that female endogenous factors (<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>., estrogen) are protective via their role in promoting relaxation of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach, facilitating food passage. A genome-wide association study for CIM revealed an association on canine chromosome 12 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-val = 3.12x10<jats:sup>-13<\/jats:sup>), with the lead SNPs located upstream or within <jats:italic>Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>MCHR2<\/jats:italic>), a compelling positional candidate gene having a role in appetite, weight, and GI motility. Within the first intron of <jats:italic>MCHR2<\/jats:italic>, we identified a 33 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) containing a consensus binding sequence for the T-box family of transcription factors. Across dogs and wolves, the major allele includes two copies of the repeat, whereas the predominant alleles in GSDs have one or three copies. The single-copy allele is strongly associated with CIM (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-val = 1.32x10<jats:sup>-17<\/jats:sup>), with homozygosity for this allele posing the most significant risk. Our findings suggest that the number of T-box protein binding motifs may correlate with <jats:italic>MCHR2<\/jats:italic> expression and that an imbalance of melanin-concentrating hormone plays a role in CIM. We describe herein the first genetic factors identified in CIM: sex and a major locus on chromosome 12, which together predict disease state in the GSD with greater than 75% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T18:26:19Z","timestamp":1646936779000},"page":"e1010044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in the German shepherd dog is a sex-differentiated trait and is associated with an intronic variable number tandem repeat in Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-0059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacquelyn M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-8409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katy M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-0522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate L.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9992-5198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rooksana E.","family":"Noorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-9849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Famula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores M.","family":"Holle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-9660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leigh Anne","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pgen.1010044.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-019-0728-z","article-title":"Neuronal control of esophageal peristalsis and its role in esophageal disease","volume":"21","author":"K Nikaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current gastroenterology reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgen.1010044.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00345-9","article-title":"Central control of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation","volume":"108","author":"PJ Hornby","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American journal of medicine"},{"key":"pgen.1010044.ref003","first-page":"486","volume-title":"Canine megaesophagus. 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