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Brazil is the world\u2019s largest exporter of chicken meat globally, and previous studies have indicated the introduction of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars through imported food products from Brazil. Here we provide an in-depth genomic characterisation and evolutionary analysis to investigate the most prevalent serovars and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Brazilian chickens and assess the impact to public health of products contaminated with\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    imported into the United Kingdom from Brazil. To do so, we examine 183\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomes from chickens in Brazil and 357 genomes from humans, domestic poultry and imported Brazilian poultry products isolated in the United Kingdom.\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars Heidelberg and Minnesota were the most prevalent serovars in Brazil and in meat products imported from Brazil into the UK. We extended our analysis to include 1,259 publicly available\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Heidelberg and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minnesota genomes for context. The Brazil genomes form clades distinct from global isolates, with temporal analysis suggesting emergence of these\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Heidelberg and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minnesota clades in the early 2000s, around the time of the 2003 introduction of the Enteritidis vaccine in Brazilian poultry. Analysis showed genomes within the\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Heidelberg and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minnesota clades shared resistance to sulphonamides, tetracyclines and beta-lactams conferred by\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes, not widely observed in other co-circulating serovars despite similar selection pressures. The\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were concomitantly carried on IncC plasmids, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was either co-located with the\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes on IncC plasmids or independently on IncI1 plasmids. Long-term surveillance data collected in the UK showed no increase in the incidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Heidelberg or\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minnesota in human cases of clinical disease in the UK following the increase of these two serovars in Brazilian poultry. In addition, almost all of the small number of UK-derived genomes which cluster with the Brazilian poultry-derived sequences could either be attributed to human cases with a recent history of foreign travel or were from imported Brazilian food products. These findings indicate that even should\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    from imported Brazilian poultry products reach UK consumers, they are very unlikely to be causing disease. No evidence of the Brazilian strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Heidelberg or\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minnesota were observed in UK domestic chickens. These findings suggest that introduction of the\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis vaccine, in addition to increasing antimicrobial use, could have resulted in replacement of salmonellae in Brazilian poultry flocks with serovars that are more drug resistant, but less associated with disease in humans in the UK. The plasmids conferring resistance to beta-lactams, sulphonamides and tetracyclines likely conferred a competitive advantage to the\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minnesota and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Heidelberg serovars in this setting of high antimicrobial use, but the apparent lack of transfer to other serovars present in the same setting suggests barriers to horizontal gene transfer that could be exploited in intervention strategies to reduce AMR. The insights obtained reinforce the importance of One Health genomic surveillance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T13:26:15Z","timestamp":1654176375000},"page":"e1010174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Dynamics of Salmonella enterica and antimicrobial resistance in the Brazilian poultry industry and global impacts on public health"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-0767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nabil-Fareed","family":"Alikhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-9741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luisa Zanolli","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-2719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Ricardo","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5288-9089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie Anne","family":"Chattaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0516-7873","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jim","family":"McLauchlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5412-7152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin","family":"O\u2019Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Zamudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6647-6322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma","family":"Doughty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-5052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liljana","family":"Petrovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8545-1518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcos Paulo Vieira","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-5710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terezinha","family":"Kn\u00f6bl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-566X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea Micke","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-3515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison E.","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgen.1010174.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1704","article-title":"Global incidence of human Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli infections and deaths: A systematic review and knowledge synthesis","volume":"11","author":"SE Majowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pgen.1010174.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10290","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in poultry carcasses samples collected in slaughterhouses of Southern Brazil from 2006 to 2015.","volume":"12","author":"MS De Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pgen.1010174.ref003","unstructured":"Contract Farming in the Brazilian Chicken Industry: The Case of Pif Paf Alimentos. 2022 [cited 20 Jan 2022]. 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