{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:34:43Z","timestamp":1790728483229,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010207","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000}}],"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-AR062457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR062457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016025","name":"American Association for Anatomy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Postdoctoral fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Iceland","award":["207067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207067"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Iceland","award":["217768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217768"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In developing melanocytes and in melanoma cells, multiple paralogs of the Activating-enhancer-binding Protein 2 family of transcription factors (TFAP2) contribute to expression of genes encoding pigmentation regulators, but their interaction with Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a master regulator of these cells, is unclear. Supporting the model that TFAP2 facilitates MITF\u2019s ability to activate expression of pigmentation genes, single-cell seq analysis of zebrafish embryos revealed that pigmentation genes are only expressed in the subset of\n                    <jats:italic>mitfa<\/jats:italic>\n                    -expressing cells that also express\n                    <jats:italic>tfap2<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralogs. To test this model in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells we deleted the two\n                    <jats:italic>TFAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralogs with highest expression,\n                    <jats:italic>TFAP2A<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TFAP2C<\/jats:italic>\n                    , creating\n                    <jats:italic>TFAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout (\n                    <jats:italic>TFAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -KO) cells. We then assessed gene expression, chromatin accessibility, binding of TFAP2A and of MITF, and the chromatin marks H3K27Ac and H3K27Me3 which are characteristic of active enhancers and silenced chromatin, respectively. Integrated analyses of these datasets indicate TFAP2 paralogs directly activate enhancers near genes enriched for roles in pigmentation and proliferation, and directly repress enhancers near genes enriched for roles in cell adhesion. Consistently, compared to WT cells,\n                    <jats:italic>TFAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -KO cells proliferate less and adhere to one another more. TFAP2 paralogs and MITF co-operatively activate a subset of enhancers, with the former necessary for MITF binding and chromatin accessibility. By contrast, TFAP2 paralogs and MITF do not appear to co-operatively inhibit enhancers. These studies reveal a mechanism by which TFAP2 profoundly influences the set of genes activated by MITF, and thereby the phenotype of pigment cells and melanoma cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T13:57:09Z","timestamp":1652795829000},"page":"e1010207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["TFAP2 paralogs facilitate chromatin access for MITF at pigmentation and cell proliferation genes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8926-4413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Colin","family":"Kenny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2126-2902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramile","family":"Dilshat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-6132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Seberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-5742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"Van Otterloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-5430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-512X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annika","family":"Helverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5826-7486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eir\u00edkur","family":"Steingr\u00edmsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert 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