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Yet very few studies have investigated the genetic underpinnings of vitamin D levels across diverse ancestries, and the ones that have, relied on small sample sizes, resulting in inconclusive results. Here, we conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)\u2013the main circulating form of vitamin D\u2013in 442,435 individuals from four broad genetically-determined ancestry groups represented in the UK Biobank: European (N = 421,867), South Asian (N = 9,983), African (N = 8,306) and East Asian (N = 2,279). We identify a new genetic determinant of 25OHD (rs146759773) in individuals of African ancestry, which was not detected in previous analysis of much larger European cohorts due to low minor allele frequency. We show genome-wide significant evidence of dominance effects in 25OHD that protect against vitamin D deficiency. Given that key events in the synthesis of 25OHD occur in the skin and are affected by pigmentation levels, we conduct GWAS of 25OHD stratified by skin colour and identify new associations. Lastly, we test the interaction between skin colour and variants associated with variance in 25OHD levels and identify two loci (rs10832254 and rs1352846) whose association with 25OHD differs in individuals of distinct complexions. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the complex relationship between 25OHD and skin colour and highlight the importance of diversity in genomic studies. Despite the much larger rates of vitamin D deficiency that we and others report for ancestry groups with dark skin (e.g., South Asian), our study highlights the importance of considering ancestral background and\/or skin colour when assessing the implications of low vitamin D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T13:32:19Z","timestamp":1699968739000},"page":"e1011033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cross-ancestry analyses identify new genetic loci associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-6956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentin","family":"Hivert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiane","family":"Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loic","family":"Yengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Visscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi R.","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3204-5396","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joana A.","family":"Revez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgen.1011033.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice.","author":"R Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews."},{"key":"pgen.1011033.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study","volume":"358","author":"E Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pgen.1011033.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.128579","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"CS Zipitis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"pgen.1011033.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051214-025146","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"67","author":"TJ Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med."},{"key":"pgen.1011033.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","author":"MF Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 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