{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:44:56Z","timestamp":1793321096794,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011162","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000}}],"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI175150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI175150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Very little is known about the process of meiosis in the apicomplexan parasite <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> despite the essentiality of sex in its life cycle. Most cell lines only support asexual growth of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>), but stem cell derived intestinal epithelial cells grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions support the sexual cycle. To examine chromosomal dynamics during meiosis in <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>, we generated two transgenic lines of parasites that were fluorescently tagged with mCherry or GFP on chromosomes 1 or 5, respectively. Infection of ALI cultures or <jats:italic>Ifngr1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> mice with mCherry and GFP parasites resulted in cross-fertilization and the formation of \u201cyellow\u201d oocysts, which contain 4 haploid sporozoites that are the product of meiosis. Recombinant oocysts from the F<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> generation were purified and used to infect HCT-8 cultures, and phenotypes of the progeny were observed by microscopy. All possible phenotypes predicted by independent segregation were represented equally (~25%) in the population, indicating that <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic> chromosomes exhibit a Mendelian inheritance pattern. The most common pattern observed from the outgrowth of single oocysts included all possible parental and recombinant phenotypes derived from a single meiotic event, suggesting a high rate of crossover. To estimate the frequency of crossover, additional loci on chromosomes 1 and 5 were tagged and used to monitor intrachromosomal crosses in <jats:italic>Ifngr1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice. Both chromosomes showed a high frequency of crossover compared to other apicomplexans with map distances (i.e., 1% recombination) of 3\u201312 kb. Overall, a high recombination rate may explain many unique characteristics observed in <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. such as high rates of speciation, wide variation in host range, and rapid evolution of host-specific virulence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T18:14:30Z","timestamp":1718648070000},"page":"e1011162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mendelian segregation and high recombination rates facilitate genetic analyses in Cryptosporidium parvum"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-386X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abigail","family":"Kimball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-8491","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Funkhouser-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-0539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William H.","family":"Witola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7110-0285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L. 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