{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:00:05Z","timestamp":1789520405651,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000}}],"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV006610 \u201cTarget Malaria Phase 2\u201d and Open Philanthropy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV006610 \u201cTarget Malaria Phase 2\u201d and Open Philanthropy"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite efforts to explore the genome of the malaria vector <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>, the Y chromosome of this species remains enigmatic. The large number of repetitive and heterochromatic DNA sequences makes the Y chromosome exceptionally difficult to fully assemble, hampering the progress of gene editing techniques and functional studies for this chromosome. In this study, we made use of a bioinformatic platform to identify Y-specific repetitive DNA sequences that served as a target site for a CRISPR\/Cas9 system. The activity of Cas9 in the reproductive organs of males caused damage to Y-bearing sperm without affecting their fertility, leading to a strong female bias in the progeny. Cytological investigation allowed us to identify meiotic defects and investigate sperm selection in this new synthetic sex ratio distorter system. In addition, alternative promoters enable us to target the Y chromosome in specific tissues and developmental stages of male mosquitoes, enabling studies that shed light on the role of this chromosome in male gametogenesis. This work paves the way for further insight into the poorly characterised Y chromosome of <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, the sex distorter strain we have generated promises to be a valuable tool for the advancement of studies in the field of developmental biology, with the potential to support the progress of genetic strategies aimed at controlling malaria mosquitoes and other pest species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T18:24:01Z","timestamp":1717784641000},"page":"e1011303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Y chromosome shredding in Anopheles gambiae: Insight into the cellular dynamics of a novel synthetic sex ratio distorter"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-8832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matteo","family":"Vitale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-8430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nace","family":"Kranjc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrous","family":"Kyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3424-886X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Courty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8441-773X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise","family":"Marston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Crisanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7526-0155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Federica","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899","article-title":"Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?","volume":"12","author":"D Bachtrog","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000071584","article-title":"The evolution of sex chromosomes","volume":"99","author":"LJ Ayling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref003","first-page":"27","article-title":"Are all sex chromosomes created equal?","author":"D Bachtrog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref004","first-page":"284","article-title":"Sex chromosome evolution: historical insights and future perspectives","author":"JK Abbott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref005","first-page":"113","article-title":"Y-chromosome evolution: emerging insights into processes of Y-chromosome degeneration","volume":"14","author":"D. Bachtrog","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet 2013 142."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0717","article-title":"The degeneration of Y chromosomes","author":"B Charlesworth","year":"2000"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1006-z","article-title":"Antagonistic coevolution of Y and X.","volume":"3","author":"EL Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol 2019 311"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211574119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211574119","article-title":"Turnover of mammal sex chromosomes in the Sry-deficient Amami spiny rat is due to male-specific upregulation of Sox9","volume":"119","author":"M Terao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2218839120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218839120","article-title":"How to manage without a Y chromosome","volume":"120","author":"M Schartl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00448-7","article-title":"The evolution of chromosomal sex determination and dosage compensation","volume":"6","author":"B. Charlesworth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaa081","article-title":"Sex Chromosome Evolution: So Many Exceptions to the Rules","volume":"12","author":"BLS Furman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref012","first-page":"1106","author":"ML Siegal","year":"2000","journal-title":"The evolution of dosage-compensation mechanisms"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj1813","article-title":"Y recombination arrest and degeneration in the absence of sexual dimorphism","volume":"375","author":"T Lenormand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science (80-)."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref014","first-page":"E2114","article-title":"Radical remodeling of the Y chromosome in a recent radiation of malaria mosquitoes","volume":"113","author":"AB Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref015","first-page":"286","article-title":"Premeiotic and meiotic failures lead to hybrid male sterility in the Anopheles gambiae complex","author":"J Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2307\/1536039","article-title":"FURTHER STUDIES ON HETEROCHROMOSOMES IN MOSQUITOES","volume":"20","author":"NM STEVENS","year":"1911","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300221","article-title":"Cross-Species Y Chromosome Function Between Malaria Vectors of the Anopheles gambiae Species Complex","volume":"207","author":"F Bernardini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref018","article-title":"Six novel Y chromosome genes in Anopheles mosquitoes discovered by independently sequencing males and females.","author":"AB Hall","year":"2013"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref019","first-page":"175","article-title":"The sex-specific factor SOA controls dosage compensation in Anopheles mosquitoes.","volume":"623","author":"AI Kalita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat 2023 6237985"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref020","first-page":"4","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms mediate X chromosome dosage compensation in Anopheles and Drosophila","author":"CIK Valsecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5605","article-title":"A maleness gene in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"353","author":"E Krzywinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science (80-)."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref022","article-title":"A novel factor modulating X chromosome dosage compensation in Anopheles","author":"E Krzywinska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.12.014","article-title":"femaleless Controls Sex Determination and Dosage Compensation Pathways in Females of Anopheles Mosquitoes","volume":"31","author":"E Krzywinska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref024","first-page":"347","article-title":"Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes.","author":"DE Neafsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science (80-)."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7600","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404996111","article-title":"Site-specific genetic engineering of the Anopheles gambiae y chromosome","volume":"111","author":"F Bernardini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref026","first-page":"11","article-title":"Structural variation of the x chromosome heterochromatin in the anopheles gambiae complex.","author":"A Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref027","first-page":"185","article-title":"Satellite DNA from the Y chromosome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"169","author":"J Krzywinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref028","first-page":"326","article-title":"Y chromosome controls mating behaviour on Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"265","author":"M Fraccaro","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nat 1977 2655592"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2319","article-title":"Site-specific selfish genes as tools for the control and genetic engineering of natural populations","volume":"270","author":"A. Burt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3439","article-title":"A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"34","author":"A Hammond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4245","article-title":"A CRISPR\u2013Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"36","author":"K Kyrou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4977","article-title":"A synthetic sex ratio distortion system for the control of the human malaria mosquito.","volume":"5","author":"R Galizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31139","article-title":"A CRISPR-Cas9 sex-ratio distortion system for genetic control.","volume":"6","author":"R Galizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gene-drive suppression of mosquito populations in large cages as a bridge between lab and field.","volume":"12","author":"A Hammond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun 2021 121"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref035","first-page":"9","article-title":"A confinable female-lethal population suppression system in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae.","author":"AL Smidler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0508-1","article-title":"A male-biased sex-distorter gene drive for the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"38","author":"A Simoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref037","first-page":"120","article-title":"Dual effector population modification gene-drive strains of the African malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii","author":"R Carballar-Lejaraz\u00fa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref038","first-page":"8","article-title":"Gene drive mosquitoes can aid malaria elimination by retarding Plasmodium sporogonic development","author":"A Hoermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introgression of a synthetic sex ratio distortion system from Anopheles gambiae into Anopheles arabiensis.","volume":"9","author":"F Bernardini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Reports 2019 91"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000291","article-title":"Targeting the X chromosome during spermatogenesis induces Y chromosome transmission ratio distortion and early dominant embryo lethality in Anopheles gambiae.","volume":"4","author":"N Windbichler","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884159","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.884159","article-title":"Natural and Engineered Sex Ratio Distortion in Insects.","volume":"10","author":"A Compton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1803628","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms regulating synthetic sex ratio distortion in the Anopheles gambiae germline.","volume":"114","author":"RE Haghighat-Khah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref043","first-page":"1","author":"TAA Prowse","year":"2019","journal-title":"A Y-chromosome shredding gene drive for controlling pest vertebrate populations"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.05.021","article-title":"Targeted Deletion of an Entire Chromosome Using CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"25","author":"F Adikusuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref045","first-page":"1","article-title":"CRISPR \/ Cas9-mediated targeted chromosome elimination.","author":"E Zuo","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1089\/crispr.2017.0012","article-title":"Redkmer: An Assembly-Free Pipeline for the Identification of Abundant and Specific X-Chromosome Target Sequences for X-Shredding by CRISPR Endonucleases.","volume":"1","author":"PA Papathanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cris J."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008647","article-title":"A fly model establishes distinct mechanisms for synthetic CRISPR\/Cas9 sex distorters.","volume":"16","author":"B Fasulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax1318","article-title":"Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests.","volume":"365","author":"A Meccariello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science (80-)."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1152","article-title":"An Anopheles transgenic sexing strain for vector control","author":"F Catteruccia","year":"2005"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2006.00714.x","article-title":"Short-hairpin RNA expressed from polymerase III promoters mediates RNA interference in mosquito cells","volume":"16","author":"DS Konet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref051","first-page":"1312","article-title":"High efficiency germ-line transformation of mosquitoes.","volume":"1","author":"NF Lobo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc 2006 13"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-10-65","article-title":"The vasa regulatory region mediates germline expression and maternal transmission of proteins in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae: A versatile tool for genetic control strategies","volume":"10","author":"PA Papathanos","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Mol Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref053","first-page":"1","article-title":"A versatile toolbox for semi-automatic cell-by-cell object-based colocalization analysis.","volume":"10","author":"A Lunde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Reports 2020 101"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09937","article-title":"A synthetic homing endonuclease-based gene drive system in the human malaria mosquito","volume":"473","author":"N Windbichler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2007.03.002","article-title":"Characterization of the FAM110 gene family","volume":"90","author":"H Hauge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref056","first-page":"217","article-title":"X-linked meiotic drive can boost population size and persistence","author":"C Mackintosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref057","first-page":"219","article-title":"ESCRT-III-mediated membrane fusion drives chromosome fragments through nuclear envelope channels","author":"B Warecki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref058","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dark side of centromeres: types, causes and consequences of structural abnormalities implicating centromeric DNA.","volume":"9","author":"V Barra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun 2018 91."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00312","article-title":"Functional Significance of Satellite DNAs: Insights From Drosophila.","author":"AS Shatskikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. Frontiers Media S.A."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.029","article-title":"KaryoCreate: A CRISPR-based technology to study chromosome-specific aneuploidy by targeting human centromeres","volume":"186","author":"N Bosco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref061","first-page":"286","article-title":"Meiotic drive mechanisms: lessons from Drosophila","author":"C Courret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref062","first-page":"R512","article-title":"Fertility Costs of Meiotic Drivers.","volume-title":"Current Biology.","author":"SE Zanders","year":"2019"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref063","first-page":"2560","article-title":"A sex-ratio meiotic drive system in Drosophila simulans. I: An autosomal suppressor","volume":"5","author":"Y Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009662","article-title":"Distinct spermiogenic phenotypes underlie sperm elimination in the Segregation Distorter meiotic drive system.","volume":"17","author":"M Herbette","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519332113","article-title":"Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies Sex chromosome meiotic drive","volume":"113","author":"Q Helleu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/88.3.427","article-title":"Sex ratio distortion caused by meiotic drive in a mosquito, Culex pipiens L","volume":"88","author":"T Luine Sweeny","year":"1978","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002255","article-title":"A New Role of the Mosquito Complement-like Cascade in Male Fertility in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"13","author":"J Pompon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.4.1272","article-title":"Unequal mitotic sister chromatid exchange as the mechanism of ribosomal RNA gene magnification","volume":"71","author":"KD Tartof","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/109.4.691","article-title":"A Two-Stage Model for the Control of rDNA Magnification","volume":"109","author":"RS Hawley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2019.07.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of rDNA Copy Number Maintenance","author":"JO Nelson","year":"2019"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref071","first-page":"7","article-title":"Transgenerational dynamics of rDNA copy number in drosophila male germline stem cells","author":"KL Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521077112","article-title":"Highly efficient Cas9-mediated gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi","volume":"112","author":"VM Gantz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720354115","article-title":"Reducing resistance allele formation in CRISPR gene drive","volume":"115","author":"J Champer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009321","article-title":"Regulating the expression of gene drives is key to increasing their invasive potential and the mitigation of resistance","volume":"17","author":"A Hammond","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.120.303324","article-title":"The role of y chromosome genes in male fertility in drosophila melanogaster","volume":"215","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.153825","article-title":"Highly efficient genome modifications mediated by CRISPR\/Cas9 in Drosophila.","volume":"195","author":"Z Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.095","article-title":"Targeting of the Dosage-Compensated Male X-Chromosome during Early Drosophila Development","volume":"29","author":"LE Rieder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87865","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87865","article-title":"Sex-specific splicing occurs genome-wide during early Drosophila embryogenesis.","volume":"12","author":"M Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.078","article-title":"Sex Determination and Dosage Compensation: femaleless Is the Link in Anopheles Mosquitoes","volume":"31","author":"M. Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123738","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1123738","article-title":"The auditory efferent system in mosquitoes","volume":"11","author":"YM Loh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref081","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hearing of malaria mosquitoes is modulated by a beta-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor which serves as insecticide target","volume":"14","author":"M Georgiades","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun 2023 141."},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2022.2100192","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of a transgene insertion in a highly repetitive, centromeric region of Anopheles mosquitoes.","volume":"117","author":"M Vitale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref083","article-title":"Tools for Anopheles gambiae Transgenesis","author":"G Volohonsky","year":"2015"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment.","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview Version 2\u2014a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench","volume":"25","author":"AM Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W597","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt376","article-title":"Analysis Tool Web Services from the EMBL-EBI","volume":"41","author":"H McWilliam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pgen.1011303.ref088","article-title":"Fluorescent in situ Hybridization on Mitotic Chromosomes of Mosquitoes.","volume":"4215","author":"VA Timoshevskiy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T17:51:07Z","timestamp":1718905867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jackson","family":"Champer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011303","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]}}}