{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:28:34Z","timestamp":1793298514588,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011477","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["5R01GM101255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01GM101255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosgenetics.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Genet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beetles are the most species-rich group of animals and harbor diverse karyotypes. Most species have XY sex chromosomes, but X0 sex determination mechanisms are also common in some groups. We generated a whole-chromosome assembly of <jats:italic>Tribolium confusum<\/jats:italic>, which has a neo-sex chromosome, and utilize eleven additional beetle genomes to reconstruct karyotype evolution across Coleoptera. We identify ancestral linkage groups, termed Stevens elements, that share a conserved set of genes across beetles. While the ancestral X chromosome is maintained across beetles, we find independent additions of autosomes to the ancestral sex chromosomes. These neo-sex chromosomes evolve the stereotypical properties of sex chromosomes, including the evolution of dosage compensation and a non-random distribution of genes with sex-biased expression. Beetles thus provide a novel model to gain a better understanding of the diverse forces driving sex chromosome evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T18:49:28Z","timestamp":1732560568000},"page":"e1011477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sex and neo-sex chromosome evolution in beetles"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2678-4758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan","family":"Bracewell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamalakar","family":"Chatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-9467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Doris","family":"Bachtrog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.164269","article-title":"Estimating tempo and mode of Y chromosome turnover: explaining Y chromosome loss with the fragile Y hypothesis","volume":"197","author":"H Blackmon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esw047","article-title":"Sex determination, sex chromosomes, and karyotype evolution in insects","volume":"108","author":"H Blackmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1649\/0010-065X-69.1.174","article-title":"Coleoptera karyotype database","volume":"69","author":"H Blackmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Coleopterists Bulletin"},{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref004","volume-title":"Animal Cytology and Evolution","author":"MJD White","year":"1973"},{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325793","article-title":"The evolution of heterochromatin in the genus Tribolium (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera).","volume":"4","author":"SG Smith","year":"1950","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000200081","article-title":"Sex chromosome rearrangements in Polyphaga beetles","volume":"3","author":"AM Dutrillaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sexual Development"},{"key":"pgen.1011477.ref007","unstructured":"Smith SG, Virkki N. 1978 Animal Cytogenetics: Vol. 3. 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