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While recent advances in\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    PC modeling systems have been made, there remains a lack of robust preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the genetic and phenotypic characteristics across various PC subtypes\u2014from localized PC (LPC) to castration-resistant PC (CRPC)\u2014along with associated stromal cells. Here, we established human PC assembloids from LPC and CRPC tissues by reconstituting tumor organoids with corresponding cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), thereby incorporating aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Established PC organoids exhibited high concordance in genomic landscape with parental tumors, and the tumor assembloids showed a higher degree of phenotypic similarity to parental tumors compared to tumor organoids without CAFs. PC assembloids displayed increased proliferation and reduced sensitivity to anti-cancer treatments, indicating that PC assembloids are potent tools for understanding PC biology, investigating the\u00a0interaction between tumor and CAFs, and identifying personalized therapeutic targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T16:33:36Z","timestamp":1743438816000},"page":"e1011652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Generation of prostate cancer assembloids modeling the patient-specific tumor 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