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Tsetse flies, the vectors of pathogenic African trypanosomes, harbor a species and population-specific consortium of vertically transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that range on the functional spectrum from mutualistic to parasitic. Tsetse\u2019s indigenous microbiota can include a member of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and infection with this bacterium causes fecundity-reducing phenotypes in the fly that include a prolonged gonotrophic cycle and a reduction in the motility of stored spermatozoa post-copulation. Herein we demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tsetse spermatozoa compete for fly-derived acylcarnitines, which in other bacteria and animals are used to maintain cell membranes and produce energy. The fat body of mated female flies increases acylcarnitine production in response to infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, their spermathecae (sperm storage organs), and likely the sperm within, up-regulate expression of\n                    <jats:italic>carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is indicative of increased acylcarnitine metabolism and thus increased energy demand and energy production in this organ. These compensatory measures are insufficient to rescue the motility defect of spermatozoa stored in the spermathecae of\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected females and thus results in reduced fly fecundity. Tsetse\u2019s taxonomically simple and highly tractable indigenous microbiota make the fly an efficient model system for studying the biological processes that facilitate the maintenance of bacterial endosymbioses, and how these relationships impact conserved mechanisms (mammalian spermatozoa also use acylcarnitines as an energy source) that regulated animal host fecundity. In the case of insect pests and vectors, a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms that underlie these associations can lead to the development of novel control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T18:41:06Z","timestamp":1765392066000},"page":"e1011974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endosymbiont hijacking of acylcarnitines regulates insect vector fecundity by suppressing the viability of stored sperm"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1576-3556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian L.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Gst\u00f6ttenmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Awuoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen M.","family":"Smallenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6265-2969","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoffrey M.","family":"Attardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-9038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Scolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Bruzzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-9336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Opiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Malacrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adly M. 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