{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:48Z","timestamp":1791354168413,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Projet MTN-OCEAC\/BMZ\/KfW","award":["BMZ-Nr 2015.69.227 BMZ 2016.68.797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMZ-Nr 2015.69.227 BMZ 2016.68.797"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is most often caused by presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs lodged in the female reproductive tract which results in chronic fibrosis and scarring. In Cameroon, despite high community prevalences of urine-patent S.\n                      <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, FGS has yet to be studied in depth. To shed light on the clinical prevalence and socioeconomic effects of FGS, we undertook a formative community-based epidemiological and qualitative survey.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross sectional multidisciplinary study of 304 girls and women from 11 remote rural fishing communities in Cameroon was undertaken using parasitological sampling, clinical colposcopy, and interviews. The lived experiences of those with FGS were documented using a process of ethnography with participant observation and in-depth interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amongst 304 women and girls aged &gt;5 years (Median age: 18; Interquartile range: 9.6\u201328), 198 females were eligible for FGS testing and 58 adult women were examined by clinical colposcopy. Of these, 34 were positive for FGS (proportion: 58.6%; 95% CI: 45.8\u201370.4), younger girls showing a higher FGS prevalence, and older women not shedding eggs showing a pattern for cervical lesions from earlier infection. In a subset of women with FGS selected purposively (12\/58), in-depth interviews with participant observation revealed out-of-pocket expenditures of up to 500USD related health spending for repeated diagnosis and treatment of gynecological illnesses, and 9 hours daily lost reproductive labour. Psychosocial unrest, loss in social capital, and despair were linked with sub-fertility and persistent vaginal itch.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With our first formative evidence on prevalence, socioeconomic effects and experiences of FGS amongst women and girls in Cameroon, we have clarified to a new level of detail the deficit in provision of and access to peripheral health services in remote areas of Cameroon. Using this information, there is now strong evidence for national programs and services on women\u2019s health and schistosomiasis to update and revise policies targeted on prevention and management of FGS. We therefore stress the need for regular provision of Praziquantel treatment to adolescent girls and women in\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      endemic areas, alongside better access to tailored diagnostic services that can detect FGS and appropriately triage care at primary health level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T23:56:42Z","timestamp":1634774202000},"page":"e0000007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) in Cameroon: A formative epidemiological and socioeconomic investigation in eleven rural fishing communities"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2601-7068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Makia Christine","family":"Masong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godlove Bunda","family":"Wepnje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-4381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ntsinda Tchoffo","family":"Marlene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-8941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Mengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1177-1703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Estelle","family":"Kouokam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert Legrand Same","family":"Ekobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref001","unstructured":"Regional Committee for the Western Pacific. Sustainable development goals (Resolution). Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2016. Contract No.: WPR\/RC67.R5. [Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/259307"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0288-0","article-title":"The cross-cutting contribution of the end of neglected tropical diseases to the sustainable development goals","volume":"6","author":"M Bangert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0630-9","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: an effective global response to local poverty-related disease priorities","volume":"9","author":"D Engels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0000007.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden","volume":"3","author":"P Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000007.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004397","article-title":"Productivity Loss Related to Neglected Tropical Diseases Eligible for Preventive Chemotherapy: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"E Lenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0000007.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000237","article-title":"Stigma and the Social Burden of Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"2","author":"M Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000007.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.012","article-title":"Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis","volume":"113","author":"C King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0000007.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007679","article-title":"Access to prompt diagnosis: The missing link in preventing mental health disorders associated with neglected tropical diseases","volume":"13","author":"A Picado","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref009","unstructured":"WHO. Water, Sanitation & Hygiene. 2015\u20132020, A Global Strategy for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases Geneva: WHO; 2015 [Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/182735?locale-attribute=fr&."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000007.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.10.008","article-title":"A review of female genital schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"E Kjetland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2018.e00077","article-title":"A systematic review with epidemiological update of male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): A call for integrated case management across the health system in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"4","author":"S Kayuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00647.x","article-title":"Unreliability of PAP smears to diagnose female genital schistosomiasis.","volume":"6","author":"H Feldmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0000007.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02161.x","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis\u2013a differential diagnosis to sexually transmitted disease: genital itch and vaginal discharge as indicators of genital Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in a cross-sectional study in endemic rural Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"E Kjetland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and International Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0071","article-title":"The first step toward diagnosing female genital schistosomiasis by computer image analysis","volume":"93","author":"S Holmen","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2017.11","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) in Ogun State, Nigeria: a pilot survey on genital symptoms and clinical findings","volume":"3","author":"U Ekpo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0000007.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): from case reports to a call for concerted action against this neglected gynaecological disease.","volume":"46","author":"V Christinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0000007.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz664","article-title":"Determinants of Urogenital Schistosomiasis Among Pregnant Women and its Association With Pregnancy Outcomes, Neonatal Deaths, and Child Growth","volume":"223","author":"W Murenjekwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref018","unstructured":"BILHIV. Workshop on The Challenges for Women\u2019s Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. [webpage]. BILHIV; 2020 [Available from: https:\/\/www.lshtm.ac.uk\/research\/centres-projects-groups\/bilharzia-and-hiv#about"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref019","unstructured":"BRIGHT. Workshop on Female Genital Schistosomiasis\u2019 impact on HIV [Webpage]. 2015 [Available from: https:\/\/brightresearch.org\/workshop-on-female-genital-schistosomiasis-impact-on-hiv\/."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref020","unstructured":"COR-NTD. The Importance of a Research Agenda for Female Genital Schistosomiasis: COR-NTD; 2019 [Available from: https:\/\/www.ntdsupport.org\/cor-ntd\/blog\/importance-research-agenda-female-genital-schistosomiasis."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref021","unstructured":"HelmVit Consortium. Workshop on \u2018Challenges for Women\u2019s Health in sub-Saharan Africa\u2019 March 2020: Helmvit Consortuim; 2020 [Available from: http:\/\/globalhealthmunich.org\/research\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000007.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.252270","article-title":"Integration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer","volume":"98","author":"D Engels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref023","unstructured":"WHO. Female Genital Schistosomiasis: A Pocket Atlas for Clinical Health-Care Professionals Geneva: WHO Press; 2015 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241509299."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref024","unstructured":"Hotez P. Speaking of Medicine and Health [Internet]. BLOGS P, editor: PLOS BLOGS. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/speakingofmedicine.plos.org\/2013\/05\/06\/female-genital-schistosomiasis-fgs-sub-saharan-africas-secret-scourge-of-girls-and-women\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0000007.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.02.002","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis\u2014icebergs of morbidity ahead?","volume":"28","author":"J Stothard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000007.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007207","article-title":"A major hurdle in the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis revealed: Identifying key gaps in knowledge and understanding of female genital schistosomiasis within communities and local health workers","volume":"13","author":"V Kukula","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref027","unstructured":"Gyapong M, Theobald S. Open Democracy [Internet]. Open Democracy, 2015. [cited 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/5050\/sexual-and-reproductive-health-issue-youve-probably-never-hear\/."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.088","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"P Patel","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000007.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007025","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis and HIV\/AIDS: Reversing the neglect of girls and women.","volume":"13","author":"P Hotez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000007.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"E Kjetland","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3836-6","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium infection morbidity, praziquantel effectiveness and reinfection rate among children and young adults in Gabon","volume":"12","author":"J Dejon-Agob\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1206-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"J Madinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4539-6","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school children in barrage, Magba sub-division of Cameroon","volume":"17","author":"A Njunda","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref034","unstructured":"MINSANTE. TES Conference 2017 [updated 2017. 24]. Available from: https:\/\/schisto.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2017\/04\/TESreport.pdf"},{"issue":"61","key":"pgph.0000007.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0257-7","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of urogenital schistosomaisis and transmission risk factors amongst school-aged children around Map\u00e9 dam ecological suburbs in Malantouen district, Cameroon","author":"A Mewabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000007.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90228-7","article-title":"Impact of installation of a water pump on schistosomiasis transmission in a focus in Cameroon","volume":"95","author":"L-A Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref037","unstructured":"Program Nationale de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase et les Helminths du Cameroun. Plan Strategique 2005\u20132010. Cameroon: MINSANTE; 2005.[Available from: https:\/\/pnlshi.org\/publications\/reports\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886457","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1886457","article-title":"Achieving equity in UHC interventions: who is left behind by neglected tropical disease programmes in Cameroon?","volume":"14","author":"C Makia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0256-8","article-title":"Moving from control to elimination of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: time to change and adapt strategies","volume":"6","author":"L-A Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref040","unstructured":"National Institute of Statistics Cameroon. Socio-economic statistics of Cameroon, 2015 Cameroon2004-2014 [Available from: https:\/\/cameroon.opendataforafrica.org\/SESC2015\/socio-economic-statistics-of-cameroon-2015."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref041","unstructured":"National Program for the control of Schistosomiaisis and intestinal helminthiases MoPH. Progress Report Cameroon 2013\u20132019. Yaound\u00e9: MINSANTE; 2019. [Available from: https:\/\/pnlshi.org\/publications\/reports\/"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref042","unstructured":"MINSANTE. Schistosomiasis distribution in Malanteoun Health District NTDmaps.org: MINSANTE; 2018 [Available from: https:\/\/ntdmaps.org\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000007.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1553","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001553","article-title":"Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Regions of Centre, East and West Cameroon.","volume":"6","author":"L-A Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref044","volume-title":"Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol 2: Microbiology.","author":"M Cheesbrough","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0264-8","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in Cameroon: An epidemiological update at Barombi Mbo and Barombi Kotto crater lakes assessing prospects for intensified control interventions","volume":"6","author":"S Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref046","unstructured":"WHO. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminths Geneva: WHO; 2002 [33\/63]. Available from:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42588\/WHO_TRS_912.pdf;jsessionid=297C20DDFCBFFF9F9AAE9DF120C0F834?sequence=1."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref047","volume-title":"Qualitative research and evaluation methods.4th Ed.","author":"M Patton","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref048","first-page":"47","article-title":"Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness","volume":"25","author":"C Vlassoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0000007.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008337","article-title":"Genital self-sampling compared with cervicovaginal lavage for the diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis in Zambian women: The BILHIV study.","volume":"14","author":"A Sturt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0000007.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01487-8","article-title":"Post-transmission schistosomiasis","volume":"15","author":"M Giboda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0000007.ref051","first-page":"e0006740","article-title":"The right to deworming: The case for girls and women of reproductive age","volume":"12","author":"T Gyorkos","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS NTDs"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref052","unstructured":"Pediatric Praziquantel Consortuim. Contract manufacturing agreement signed for production of new pediatric treatment for schistosomiasis 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000007.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002104","article-title":"S. haematobium as a common cause of genital morbidity in girls: a cross-sectional study of children in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"I Hegertun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000007.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007710","article-title":"Neglected tropical disease as a \u2018biographical disruption\u2019: Listening to the narratives of affected persons to develop integrated people centred care in Liberia","volume":"13","author":"L Dean","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000007.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000708","article-title":"The economic benefits resulting from the first 8 years of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (2000\u20132007)","volume":"4","author":"B Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000007.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90286-D","article-title":"Gender and tropical diseases: A new research focus.","volume":"37","author":"E Rathgeber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.11.001","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases and Mental Health: Progress, Partnerships, and Integration","volume":"35","author":"F Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref058","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. 1986 ed.:","author":"E Goffman","year":"1963"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref059","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Handbook of theory and Research for the Sociology of Education","author":"P Bourdieu","year":"1986"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1086\/228943","article-title":"Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital","volume":"94","author":"J Coleman","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref061","volume-title":"Subfertility. In: Unkels HvBaR, editor. A Textbook of Gynecology for Less-Resourced Locations","author":"H Beekhuizen","year":"2012"},{"issue":"14","key":"pgph.0000007.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000969","article-title":"How can schistosome circulating antigen assays be best applied for diagnosing male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): an appraisal using exemplar MGS cases from a longitudinal cohort study among fishermen on the south shoreline of Lake Malawi","volume":"146","author":"S Kayuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref063","unstructured":"Countdown- Calling time on neglected tropical diseases. FGS Intervention manual2020. [Available from: https:\/\/www.countdown.lstmed.ac.uk\/publications-resources\/tools-and-booklets."},{"key":"pgph.0000007.ref064","unstructured":"Bridges To Development \/ The FAST Package. Female Genital Schistosomiasis Training Competencies GSA: Bridges to Developement; 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.learning.foundation\/female-genital-schistosomiasis."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000007.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-35","article-title":"Global aspirations, local realities: The role of social science research in controlling neglected tropical diseases","volume":"3","author":"K Bardosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T23:57:29Z","timestamp":1634774249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000007"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Tappis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}}}