{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T05:32:35Z","timestamp":1782192755979,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1155935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1155935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43-TW007267 and R25-TW009345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43-TW007267 and R25-TW009345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interferon (IFN) system is a potent line of defense against viral infections. IFN-based agents already tested may be of use in COVID-19 or future viral respiratory outbreaks. Here we review the comparative efficacy, safety\/tolerability, and future potential of IFN-based therapeutics. We reviewed human studies in which IFN or IFN pathway-interacting agents were used for viral respiratory infections. We identified 977 articles, of which 194 were included for full-text review. Of these, we deemed 35 articles to be relevant. The use of IFN-based agents for pre-exposure prophylaxis (n = 19) and treatment (n = 15) were most common, with intranasal (n = 22) as the most common route. We found IFN-\u03b1 (n = 23) was used most often, and rhinovirus (n = 14) was the most common causative agent. Studies demonstrated mixed efficacy but generally positive safety and tolerability. Host-directed therapies, such as IFN or IFN inducers, are worthy of additional research to target viral respiratory infections lacking direct-acting antivirals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T17:36:59Z","timestamp":1649266619000},"page":"e0000231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Interferon-based agents for current and future viral respiratory infections: A scoping literature review of human studies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-3777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aldina","family":"Mesic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-647X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emahlea 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Determination of minimal effective and tolerable dose","volume":"150","author":"TC Samo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000231.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.3.535","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerance of Intranasally Applied Recombinant Leukocyte A Interferon in Normal Volunteers","volume":"148","author":"TC Sarno","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000231.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890170202","article-title":"Tolerance of one-month intranasal interferon","volume":"17","author":"GM Scott","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pgph.0000231.ref044","article-title":"An experimental trial of recombinant human interferon alpha nasal drops to prevent COVID-19 in medical staff in an epidemic area","author":"Z 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