{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:43:20Z","timestamp":1767707000355,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uropathogenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>) is an important urinary tract infection (UTI) that has been associated with both complicated and uncomplicated disease conditions. The global emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) is of public health concern as the resistance limits the current treatment options. The objective of this study was to analyze the antibiotic-resistant patterns among the uropathogenic <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> isolates at the University of Cape Coast (UCC) hospital between 2013 and 2015 as baseline data to understand the current antibiotic resistance situation within UCC and its environs. A retrospective cross-sectional study of bacteria isolates at UCC hospital from January 2013 to December 2015 were analyzed. A standard biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer NCCLs modified disc diffusion technique. The network of interaction between pathogenic isolates and antibiotic resistance was performed using Cytoscape software. Statistical significance was tested using ANOVA and one-sample Wilcoxon test. The overall <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> prevalence was 15.76% (32\/203); females had the highest infection of 17.33% (26\/150) compared to male subjects who had 11.32% (6\/53) out of all the pathogenic infections. The <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> prevalence among the age categories were 2\/21 (9.52%), 27\/154 (17.53%) and 4\/21 (19.05%) among \u226420 years, 21\u201340 years and 41\u201360 years respectively. The isolated resistant pathogens exhibited different antibiotic resistance patterns. An interaction network of nodes connecting to other nodes indicating positive correlations between the pathogens and antibiotic resistance was established. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Citrobacter spp<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella spp<\/jats:italic> among other isolated pathogens formed higher centrality in the network of interaction with antibiotic resistance. The individual <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> isolates showed a significant difference in the mean \u00b1 SD (95% CI) pattern of antibiotic resistance, 2.409\u00b11.205 (1.828\u20132.990), \u03c72 = 36.68, p&lt;0.0001. In conclusion, the study reports the interaction of <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> isolates at UCC hospital and its antibiotic-resistant status between 2013 and 2015. This data forms the baseline information for assessing the current antibiotic status in UCC and its environs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T17:22:20Z","timestamp":1652721740000},"page":"e0000417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial isolates from patients attending the outpatient department of university of Cape Coast hospital, Ghana: A retrospective study between 2013\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-763X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwame Kumi","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelius Agyeman","family":"Coomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecil","family":"Banson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derrick","family":"Yaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-2623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mbata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf Aaron","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Bilatam","family":"Mayeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justice","family":"Afrifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-0483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felicity","family":"Bentsi-Enchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeboah Kwaku","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000417.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008247","article-title":"A shear stress micromodel of urinary tract infection by the Escherichia coli producing Dr adhesin.","volume":"16","author":"B Zalewska-Pi\u0105tek","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS pathogens."},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000417.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000572","article-title":"Performance assessment of urine flow cytometry (UFC) to screen urines to reflex to culture in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts.","volume":"66","author":"A Stefanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of medical microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000417.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030091","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology and resistance trends of proteae in urinary tract infections of inpatients and outpatients: A 10-year retrospective study.","volume":"8","author":"M Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pgph.0000417.ref004","article-title":"Prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections and associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi district","author":"M Odoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Uganda. 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