{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:09:43Z","timestamp":1792271383820,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009530","name":"jawaharlal institute of postgraduate medical education and research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JIP\/RES\/INTRAMURAL\/PHSII\/2019-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIP\/RES\/INTRAMURAL\/PHSII\/2019-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is an environmental saprophyte known to cause melioidosis, a disease endemic in northern Australia and Southeast Asia. With the increasing number of melioidosis cases, there is a lack of data on seroprevalence rates and extent of exposure in high risk population of melioidosis from different endemic regions in India. The present cross sectional study was undertaken to estimate the seroprevalence of melioidosis in high risk populations in and around Puducherry, a coastal town in Southeastern India. Blood samples were collected from 275 diabetic individuals attending a tertiary care centre in Southern India and 275 farmers residing under the rural field practice area of our hospital. The antibody levels were estimated using an Indirect Hemagglutination Assay. The overall seropositivity was found to be 19.8% with a titer \u22651:20. Farmers were 2.8 times more likely to be seropositive than non-farmers. Rates of seroprevalence among diabetic subjects were less compared to the non-diabetic individuals. The seropositivity rates in non-diabetic farmers were higher (56\/203, 27.6%) compared to diabetic farmers (34\/164, 20.7%). The lowest seropositivity was seen among diabetic non-farmers at 10.4%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed domicile (adjusted odds ratio\u2014aOR: 2.32, 95% Confidence interval\u2014CI: 1.05, 5.13) and contact with animals (aOR: 1.89, 95% CI:1.04, 3.44) as significant predictors of seropositivity. None of the other socio-demographic factors including gender and age were significantly associated with seropositivity. This study demonstrates widespread exposure to <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> among adults residing in and around Puducherry, including those engaged in non-farming occupations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T17:32:05Z","timestamp":1652117525000},"page":"e0000431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Estimation of seroprevalence of melioidosis among adult high risk groups in Southeastern India by indirect Hemagglutination assay"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sruthi","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-6908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sujatha","family":"Sistla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-2901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deepthy","family":"Melepurakkal Sadanandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-743X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamilarasu","family":"Kadhiravan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8320-1016","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Palanivel","family":"Chinnakali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00006","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-19","article-title":"Human melioidosis.","volume":"33","author":"I Gassiep","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1086\/520223","article-title":"Risk Factors for Melioidosis and Bacteremic Melioidosis","volume":"29","author":"Y Suputtamongkol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000431.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004610","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei among Adults in Coastal Areas in Southwestern India.","volume":"10","author":"KE Vandana","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3020051","article-title":"Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan).","volume":"3","author":"C Mukhopadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"S1","key":"pgph.0000431.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(08)70018-X","article-title":"Seropositivity to Burkholderia pseudomallei does not reflect the development of cell-mediated immunity","volume":"102","author":"SM Lazzaroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000431.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0998","article-title":"Antibodies in melioidosis: The Role of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay in Evaluating Patients and Exposed Populations","volume":"99","author":"P Chaichana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000431.ref007","first-page":"11","article-title":"Melioidosis: A 5-year Review from a Single Institution in Pondicherry.","volume":"69","author":"G Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000431.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475520943698","article-title":"Melioidosis: distinctive clinico-epidemiological characteristics in southern India.","volume":"51","author":"A Basheer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref009","unstructured":"Sharon Peacock, V. Wuthiekanun. Standard operating procedure (SOP) of indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) for melioidosis. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU). Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University. 2011. Available:http:\/\/www.melioidosis.info\/download\/MICRO_SOP_IHA_ENG_v1%203_8Dec11_SDB.pdf."},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-438","article-title":"Isolation, identification and characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil of coastal region of India.","volume":"3","author":"A Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"SpringerPlus."},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000431.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004956","article-title":"Prevalence and Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Near-Neighbor Species in the Malabar Coastal Region of India.","volume":"10","author":"BV Peddayelachagiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000431.ref012","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Soil Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei in and around Mangalore, India\u2014an Explorative Study.","volume":"4","author":"S Chandrasekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00077-11","article-title":"Evidence of Burkholderia pseudomallei-Specific Immunity in Patient Sera Persistantly Nonreactive by the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay.","volume":"18","author":"PNA Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000431.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.330","article-title":"Indirect Hemagglutination Assay In Patients With Melioidosis In Northern Australia","volume":"74","author":"AC Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4872-4874.2005","article-title":"Antibodies from Patients with Melioidosis Recognize Burkholderia mallei but Not Burkholderia thailandensis Antigens in the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay","volume":"43","author":"R Tiyawisutsri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000431.ref016","first-page":"263","article-title":"Indirect Hemagglutination antibodies against Burkholderia pseudomallei in normal blood donors and suspected cases of melioidosis","volume":"27","author":"A Norazah","journal-title":"Malasiya. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health1996"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00026-09","article-title":"Clinical Features That Affects Indirect- Hemagglutination-Assay Responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"16","author":"PNA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00197-07","article-title":"Use of Antigens Derived from Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and B. cepacia in the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for melioidosis","volume":"14","author":"G Gilmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00021-13","article-title":"Surprisingly Low Seroprevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Exposed Healthy Adults in the Darwin Region of Tropical Australia Where Melioidosis Is Highly Endemic.","volume":"20","author":"GL James","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90017-K","article-title":"Pilot study of exposure to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in northern Vietnam","volume":"87","author":"L Van Phung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.06.003","article-title":"Seroepidemiological surveillance of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Bangladesh","volume":"106","author":"RR Maude","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899904","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02092.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei Exotoxin and Whole Cell Antigens in Military Personnel in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia.","volume":"36","author":"N Embi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004301","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei: Its Detection in Soil and Seroprevalence in Bangladesh.","volume":"10","author":"MS Jilani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"S1","key":"pgph.0000431.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(08)70010-5","article-title":"Intensity of exposure and incidence of melioidosis in Thai children","volume":"102","author":"AC Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.230","article-title":"Serology and Carriage of Pseudomonas pseudomallei: A Prospective Study in 1000 Hospitalized Children in Northeast Thailand","volume":"167","author":"P Kanaphun","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00228-07","article-title":"Prevalence of Melioidosis in the Er-Ren River Basin, Taiwan: Implications for Transmission","volume":"45","author":"HP Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.1074","article-title":"Development of Antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei During Childhood in Melioidosis-Endemic Northeast Thailand","volume":"74","author":"V Wuthiekanun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref028","first-page":"698","article-title":"The Prevalence of the Indirect Hemagglutination Test for Melioidosis in Children in an Endemic Area.","volume":"23","author":"P Charoenwong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070811","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei Antibodies in Children, Cambodia","volume":"14","author":"V Wuthiekanun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0000431.ref030","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in East Timorese Refugees: Implications for Healthcare in East Timor.","volume":"36","author":"PK Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T17:32:38Z","timestamp":1652117558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000431"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Max Carlos","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]}}}