{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:22:31Z","timestamp":1791994951077,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Myanmar. The fourth National TB Prevalence Survey was conducted in 2017\u20132018 to determine the actual burden of TB not only at the national level but also for three subnational strata (the states, regions other than Yangon, and the Yangon region) and develop a more efficacious country strategy on TB care and control. One hundred and thirty eight clusters were selected by population proportionate sampling. Adult (\u226515 years of age) residents having lived for 2 weeks or more in the households of the selected clusters were invited to participate in the survey. The survey participants were screened for TB by a questionnaire and digital chest X-ray (CXR) after providing written informed consent. Individuals with a positive symptom screen and\/or chest X-ray suggestive of TB were asked to provide sputum samples to test for <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (Mtb) by Ziehl-Neelsen direct light microscopy, Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra (Xpert), and culture (Ogawa media). Bacteriologically confirmed TB cases were defined by an expert panel. Of 75 676 eligible residents, 66 480 (88%) participated, and 10 082 (15%) screened positive for TB. Among these, 322 participants were defined as bacteriologically confirmed TB cases. Cough lasting for two weeks or longer, one of the criteria used for screening for symptoms, could detect only 14% (45\/322) of the study cases. The estimated prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed adult pulmonary TB was 468 (95% CI: 391\u2013546) per 100,000. The prevalence was much higher among males, the older age group, urban Yangon and remote villages. In-depth interview with the participants on TB treatment showed that none of them was diagnosed in a TB health centre (primary care facilities). The prevalence of TB in Myanmar is still high due to challenges such as uncontrolled urbanization, an ageing population, migration, and poor access to health facilities in remote areas. New screening and diagnostic tools might help to detect more TB patients. There is a need to lay greater emphasis on multisectoral approaches, decentralization and the integration of basic TB services into primary care facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1655227710000},"page":"e0000588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The fourth national tuberculosis prevalence survey in Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Si Thu","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wint Wint","family":"Nyunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myat Myat","family":"Moe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0465-6256","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Htin Lin","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thandar","family":"Lwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref001","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref002","volume-title":"Report on National TB Prevalence Survey","year":"2009\u20132010"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref003","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis Programme, Myanmar. National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis 2016\u20132020. Ministry of Health and Sports, Government of Myanmar https:\/\/themimu.info\/sites\/themimu.info\/files\/assessment_file_attachments\/National_Strategic_Plan_for_Tuberculosis_2016-2020.pdf"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref004","unstructured":"Annual Report 2016, National Tuberculosis Programme, Myanmar; June 2018 https:\/\/mohs.gov.mm\/Main\/content\/publication\/tuberculosis-annual-report-2016-by-national-tuberculosis-programme-myanmar"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref005","unstructured":"Myanmar Information Management Unit. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census https:\/\/themimu.info\/census-data"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref006","volume-title":"Tuberculosis prevalence surveys: a handbook","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000588.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01666.x","article-title":"Combining multiple imputation and inverse-probability weighting","volume":"68","author":"SR Seaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000588.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232142","article-title":"The second national tuberculosis prevalence survey in Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"HV Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0000588.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0038","article-title":"Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients detected using accelerated vs. passive case finding in Myanmar","volume":"22","author":"PS Khaing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref010","unstructured":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh), National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) (Bangladesh), Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey 2015\u20132016. Dhaka, Bangladesh. https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1zNDPqQDhvLDv_tbjq0_bvthJktNd4Uns\/view"},{"key":"pgph.0000588.ref011","unstructured":"Survey protocol, National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey 2018\/2019, Nepal. National Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. https:\/\/nepalntp.gov.np\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/TBPS-Factsheet-English.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000588.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148293","article-title":"Population Based National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey among Adults (>15 Years) in Pakistan, 2010\u20132011.","volume":"11","author":"E Qadeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000588.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0252240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252240","article-title":"High TB burden and low notification rates in the Philippines: The 2016 national TB prevalence survey","volume":"16","author":"MAD Lansang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0000588.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.210726","article-title":"Genomic Profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains, Myanmar","volume":"27","author":"HL Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10068","key":"pgph.0000588.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30262-3","article-title":"Myanmar grapples with its high tuberculosis burden","volume":"389","author":"S. Cousins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000588.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0103","article-title":"Public-private mix for tuberculosis care and control in Myanmar: a strategy to scale up?","volume":"7","author":"ZM Thet Lwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000588.ref017","first-page":"123","article-title":"Engagement of public and private medical facilities in tuberculosis care in Myanmar: contributions and trends over an eight-year period Infect Dis Poverty","volume":"6","author":"TT Nwe","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000588.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_89_17","article-title":"Knowledge on tuberculosis among the members of a rural community in Myanmar","volume":"6","author":"KS Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000588.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030130","article-title":"Measuring Catastrophic Costs Due to Tuberculosis in Myanmar","volume":"6","author":"ST Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T17:28:44Z","timestamp":1655227724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000588"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000588","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}}}