{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:09:59Z","timestamp":1787987399430,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Libyan Ministry of Health is keen to understand how it can introduce policies to protect its population from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to perform an implementation research assessment of the current situation, including challenges and opportunities. We used an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. We started with a quantitative assessment of NCD policy performance based on review of the WHO NCD Progress Monitor Reports. Once we had identified Libya\u2019s NCD policy gaps we performed a systematic review to identify international lessons around barriers and successful strategies for the policies Libya has not yet implemented. Finally, we performed a series of key stakeholder interviews with senior policymakers to explore their perspectives around promising policy actions. We used a realist paradigm, methods triangulation, and a joint display to synthesise the interpretation of our findings and develop recommendations. Libya has not fully implemented any of the recommended policies for diet, physical activity, primary care guidelines &amp; therapeutics, or data collection, targets &amp; surveillance. It does not have robust tobacco policies in place. Evidence from the international literature and policymaker interviews emphasised the centrality of according strong political leadership, governance structures, multisectoral engagement, and adequate financing to policy development activities. Libya\u2019s complex political and security situation are major barriers for policy implementation. Whilst some policies will be very challenging to develop and deploy, there are a number of simple policy actions that could be implemented with minimum effort; from inviting WHO to conduct a second STEPS survey, to signing the international code on breast-milk substitutes. Like many other fragile and conflict-affected states, Libya has not accorded NCDs the policy attention they demand. Whilst strong high-level leadership is the ultimate key to providing adequate protections, there are a range of simple measures that can be implemented with relative ease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T18:24:53Z","timestamp":1668104693000},"page":"e0000615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non-communicable disease policy implementation in Libya: A mixed methods assessment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-3575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke N.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5377-6222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cervant\u00e9e E. K.","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4895-1051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulia","family":"Loffreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohini","family":"Kak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-0723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Aghilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taher","family":"Emahbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atousa","family":"Bonyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Hatefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haider M.","family":"El Saeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref001","volume-title":"Mortality and Morbidity Due to NCDs and Transport Injuries","author":"J Malkin"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref002","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Viz Hub. 2020 [cited 19 Aug 2021]. Available: http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref003","unstructured":"GBD Results Tool: GHDx. [cited 27 Aug 2021]. Available: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref004","unstructured":"WHO and Libyan Ministry of Health. NCD STEPS Survey: Libya. 2009. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/ncds\/surveillance\/steps\/Libya_2009_STEPS_FactSheet.pdf"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref005","article-title":"STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS).","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8531360","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8531360","article-title":"Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Libyan Men and Women","volume":"2019","author":"H Lemamsha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref007","author":"WHO"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref008","volume-title":"Endorsed at the 70th World Health Assembly, 2017","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483390659","volume-title":"Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research: A Practical Primer","author":"L Curry","year":"2015"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref010","volume-title":"A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research","author":"J. Cresswell","year":"2015"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref011","article-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2015","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref012","article-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref013","article-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref015","article-title":"\u201cBest Buys\u201d and other recommended intervention for the prevention and control of Noncommunicable diseases","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2019","edition":"2"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.238311","article-title":"Political economy analysis for health","volume":"97","author":"MR Reich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw052","article-title":"Why do policies change? Institutions, interests, ideas and networks in three cases of policy reform","volume":"31","author":"JC Shearer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0688-3","article-title":"Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings: introduction to the series","volume":"13","author":"S Lewin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref020","author":"World bank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Classification of Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref021","volume-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases in Libya","author":"M Kak"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref022","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Bryman A and Burgess R (Eds) Analysis of Quantitative Data","author":"J Ritchie","year":"1994"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764211426330","article-title":"Integrative Analysis Strategies for Mixed Data Sources","volume":"56","author":"P. Bazeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1865","article-title":"Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Results in Health Science Mixed Methods Research Through Joint Displays.","volume":"13","author":"TC Guetterman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref025","author":"NK Denzin","year":"1978"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref026","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis","volume":"34","author":"MQ Patton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689808316807","article-title":"Communities of Practice: A Research Paradigm for the Mixed Methods Approach","volume":"2","author":"M. Denscombe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Mixed Methods Research"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X033007014","article-title":"Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come.","volume":"33","author":"RB Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00359-4","article-title":"Implementation of non-communicable disease policies from 2015 to 2020: a geopolitical analysis of 194 countries","volume":"9","author":"LN Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref030","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Global Health","author":"LN Allen","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30217-0","article-title":"The commercial determinants of health","volume":"4","author":"I Kickbusch","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4494-2","article-title":"Bangladesh policy on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: a policy analysis","volume":"17","author":"T Biswas","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0324-2","article-title":"The unfunded priorities: an evaluation of priority setting for noncommunicable disease control in Uganda.","volume":"14","author":"BM Essue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-016-0137-9","article-title":"Analysis of Non-communicable disease prevention policies in five Sub-Saharan African countries: Study protocol","volume":"74","author":"PA Juma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-018-0135-y","article-title":"Strengthening non-communicable disease policy with lessons from Bhutan: linking gross national happiness and health policy action","volume":"39","author":"G Sithey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref036","volume-title":"Progress on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Western Pacific Region: Country Capacity Survey","author":"WHO"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHG-07-2020-0074","article-title":"Stewardship of noncommunicable diseases in Iran: a qualitative study","volume":"26","author":"T Nasiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Governance"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref038","volume-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7594-1_12","volume-title":"Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion","author":"V Lin","year":"2013"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref040","author":"Vivian Lin","year":"2014"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-44","article-title":"The role of law and governance reform in the global response to non-communicable diseases","volume":"10","author":"RS Magnusson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391696","article-title":"Goals are Not Enough: Building Public Sector Capacity for Chronic Disease Prevention","volume":"35","author":"H Manson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Reviews"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldt001","article-title":"Policy reform to realize the commitments of the Political Declaration on noncommunicable diseases","volume":"105","author":"S Mendis","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/13814788.2012.761440","article-title":"Implementing transnational telemedicine solutions: a connected health project in rural and remote areas of six Northern Periphery countries Series on European collaborative projects","volume":"19","author":"M Casey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref045","volume-title":"National Capacity for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases in WHO SEAR\u2014Results from NCD Country Capacity Survey 2019","author":"Regional Office for South-East Asia","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2040-7","article-title":"Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control in Mongolia: A Policy Analysis","volume":"15","author":"O Chimeddamba","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019002118","article-title":"The politics of food in the Pacific: coherence and tension in regional policies on nutrition, the food environment and non-communicable diseases","volume":"23","author":"R Dodd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition."},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.220483","article-title":"Implementation of national action plans on noncommunicable diseases, Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam","volume":"97","author":"T Tuangratananon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpopen.2020.100009","article-title":"Implementing a National Non-Communicable Disease Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences of Key Stakeholders in Ghana","volume":"1","author":"Gertrude Nsorma Nyaaba","journal-title":"Health Policy Open"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/33256","volume-title":"Care for Hypertension and Other Chronic Conditions in Samoa: Understanding the Bottlenecks and Closing the Implementation Gaps.","author":"Fraser-Hurt Nicole","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-2334683","article-title":"Control in the News: The Politics of Media Representations of Alcohol Policy in South Africa.","volume":"38","author":"M Lawhon","year":"2013","journal-title":"AlcoholJournal of Health Politics, Policy and Law"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5833-7","article-title":"Alcohol policies in Malawi: inclusion of WHO \u201cbest buy\u201d interventions and use of multi-sectoral action","volume":"18","author":"BL Matanje Mwagomba","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref053","first-page":"561","article-title":"Nutrition labelling is a trade policy issue: lessons from an analysis of specific trade concerns at the World Trade Organization","volume":"33","author":"AM Thow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.08.002","article-title":"Will the next generation of preferential trade and investment agreements undermine prevention of noncommunicable diseases? A prospective policy analysis of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement.","volume":"119","author":"AM Thow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.03.402","article-title":"How Do International Trade Obligations Affect Policy Options for Obesity Prevention? Lessons from Recent Developments in Trade and Tobacco Control.","volume":"37","author":"B. von Tigerstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Diabetes"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002590","article-title":"Trade challenges at the World Trade Organization to national noncommunicable disease prevention policies: A thematic document analysis of trade and health policy space","volume":"15","author":"P Barlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-018-00158-x","article-title":"Soda industry influence on obesity science and policy","volume":"40","author":"S. Greenhalgh","year":"2019","journal-title":"China. Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref058","first-page":"475","article-title":"The history of the South African sugar industry illuminates deeply rooted obstacles for sugar reduction anti-obesity interventions","volume":"76","author":"A Myers","year":"2017","journal-title":"null"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2013.18","article-title":"Attack on Australia: Tobacco industry challenges to plain packaging","volume":"34","author":"H. Jarman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt034","article-title":"Impact of WHO recommendations to eliminate industrial trans-fatty acids from the food supply in Latin America and the Caribbean.","volume":"29","author":"U Col\u00f3n-Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5825-7","article-title":"Non-communicable disease prevention policy process in five African countries authors","volume":"18","author":"PA Juma","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref062","volume-title":"Regional Meeting on National Multisectoral Plans for NCD Prevention and Control","author":"WHO Regional Office for Western Pacific","year":"2012"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-019-00171-8","article-title":"Consequences of policy incoherence: how Zambia\u2019s post-FCTC investment policy stimulated tobacco production","volume":"40","author":"R Labont\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.04.005","article-title":"Preventing tobacco epidemic in LMICs with low tobacco use\u2014Using Nigeria GATS to review WHO MPOWER tobacco indicators and prevention strategies","volume":"91","author":"L Mbulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539510390925","article-title":"Tobacco Promotion in the Pacific: The Current State of Tobacco Promotion Bans and Options for Accelerating Progress.","volume":"23","author":"A Cussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000615.ref066","first-page":"229","article-title":"Challenges of Tobacco Control Program in Iran","volume":"20","author":"Jalal Poorolajal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60174-X","article-title":"The road to effective tobacco control in China","volume":"385","author":"G Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref068","first-page":"1753","article-title":"Advancing progressive health policy to reduce NCDs amidst international commercial opposition: Tobacco standardised packaging in Australia.","volume":"13","author":"E Crosbie","year":"2018","journal-title":"null"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pgph.0000615.ref069","first-page":"e00126115","article-title":"The Decision-Making Process in Brazil\u2019s Ratification of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control","volume":"33","author":"Erica Cavalcanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cadernos de Saude Publica"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-010-9350-6","article-title":"Barriers to adopting and implementing local-level tobacco control policies","volume":"36","author":"TD Satterlund","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60133-7","article-title":"A tobacco-free world: a call to action to phase out the sale of tobacco products by 2040","volume":"385","author":"R Beaglehole","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5828-4","article-title":"Two decades of tobacco use prevention and control policies in Cameroon: results from the analysis of non-communicable disease prevention policies in Africa.","volume":"18","author":"C Mapa-Tassou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5831-9","article-title":"Analysis of tobacco control policies in Nigeria: historical development and application of multi-sectoral action","volume":"18","author":"O Oladepo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref074","volume-title":"WHO FCTC Implementation Review in Pacific Island Countries","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref075","first-page":"9","article-title":"Success Counteracting Tobacco Company Interference in Thailand: An Example of FCTC Implementation for Low- and Middle-income Countries.","author":"N Charoenca","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60312-9","article-title":"Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"385","author":"AB Gilmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0000615.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12203","article-title":"Bridging the Gap Between Science and Public Health: Taking Advantage of Tobacco Control Experience in Brazil to Inform Policies to Counter Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases.\u201d","volume":"108","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2019.56","article-title":"How Neoliberalism Is Shaping the Supply of Unhealthy Commodities and What This Means for NCD Prevention.","volume":"8","author":"R Lencucha","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref079","author":"World Bank Group","year":"2018"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref080","first-page":"28338","article-title":"Regional trade and the nutrition transition: opportunities to strengthen NCD prevention policy in the Southern African Development Community","volume":"8","author":"AM Thow","year":"2015","journal-title":"null"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201707","article-title":"Stakeholders\u2019 perceptions regarding a salt reduction strategy for India: Findings from qualitative research","volume":"13","author":"P Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0000615.ref082","first-page":"729","article-title":"Strategies and Opportunities Ahead to Reduce Salt Intake","volume":"19","author":"S Rafieifar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000615.ref083","first-page":"e28","article-title":"Development and Implementation of Nutrition Labelling in Iran: A Retrospective Policy Analysis.","volume":"35","author":"S Edalati","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Planning and Management"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00656-2","article-title":"The political economy of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in Latin America: lessons from Mexico, Chile and Colombia.","volume":"17","author":"A Carriedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0320-y","article-title":"Implementation lessons for school food policies and marketing restrictions in the Philippines: a qualitative policy analysis","volume":"14","author":"E Reeve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-017-0240-6","article-title":"Exploring the dynamics of food-related policymaking processes and evidence use in Fiji using systems thinking","volume":"15","author":"G Waqa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Research Policy and Systems"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-016-0035-y","article-title":"Factors that encourage and discourage policy-making to prevent childhood obesity: Experience in the United States","volume":"37","author":"L Rutkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-019-00165-6","article-title":"Multilevel governance, public health and the regulation of food: is tobacco control policy a model","volume":"40","author":"D Studlar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101907","article-title":"Implementation of healthy food environment policies to prevent nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in Ghana: National experts\u2019 assessment of government action","volume":"93","author":"A Laar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref090","first-page":"1902659","article-title":"Nutrition-related non-communicable disease and sugar-sweetened beverage policies: a landscape analysis in Kenya.","volume":"14","author":"MN Wanjohi","year":"2021","journal-title":"null"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14631","article-title":"Comparing alcohol taxation throughout the European Union","volume":"114","author":"C Angus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref092","first-page":"400","article-title":"Attitudes and beliefs towards alcohol minimum pricing","volume":"33","author":"DA Keatley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Western Australia. Health Promotion International"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.037","article-title":"Public attitudes towards alcohol control policies in Scotland and England: Results from a mixed-methods study.","volume":"177","author":"J Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2013.43","article-title":"Informal alcohol in Malawi: Stakeholder perceptions and policy recommendations","volume":"35","author":"RJ Limaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref095","first-page":"1","article-title":"New law on prevention and control of alcohol related harms in Vietnam","author":"K. Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000615.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12050","article-title":"Nutrition Labelling and the Choices Logo in Israel: Positions and Perceptions of Leading Health Policy Makers. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"27","author":"A. Gesser-Edelsburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref097","first-page":"457","article-title":"We must have a sufficient level of profitability\u2019: food industry submissions to the French parliamentary inquiry on industrial food","volume":"30","author":"M Mialon","year":"2020","journal-title":"null"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-016-0158-8","article-title":"Analysis of the corporate political activity of major food industry actors in Fiji.","volume":"12","author":"M Mialon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pgph.0000615.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12574","article-title":"Prevention of Childhood Obesity and Food Policies in Latin America: From Research to Practice.","volume":"18","author":"R. P\u00e9rez-Escamilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref100","first-page":"316","article-title":"Nutrition policy-making in Fiji: working in and around neoliberalisation in the Global South","volume":"31","author":"T Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"null"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016002391","article-title":"Level of implementation of best practice policies for creating healthy food environments: assessment by state and non-state actors in Thailand.","volume":"20","author":"S Phulkerd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition."},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2013.105","article-title":"Salt reduction in the United Kingdom: a successful experiment in public health","volume":"28","author":"FJ He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Human Hypertension"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909267","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1909267","article-title":"The political economy of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: an analysis from seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"14","author":"AM Thow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101887","article-title":"Towards better nutrition in Europe: Evaluating progress and defining future directions","volume":"96","author":"J Breda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075221","article-title":"Food Reformulation, Responsive Regulation, and \u201cRegulatory Scaffolding\u201d: Strengthening Performance of Salt Reduction Programs in Australia and the United Kingdom","volume":"7","author":"R Magnusson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.01.007","article-title":"Food reformulation and the (neo)-liberal state: new strategies for strengthening voluntary salt reduction programs in the UK and USA","volume":"129","author":"B Reeve","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0802-1","article-title":"Process evaluation of Samoa\u2019s national salt reduction strategy (MASIMA): what interventions can be successfully replicated in lower-income countries?","volume":"13","author":"K Trieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093672","article-title":"To legislate or not to legislate? A comparison of the UK and South African approaches to the development and implementation of salt reduction programs","volume":"6","author":"K Charlton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.220459","article-title":"Development of a sweetened beverage tax, Philippines","volume":"97","author":"FCC Onagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.11.001","article-title":"Legal priorities for prevention of non-communicable diseases: innovations from WHO\u2019s Eastern Mediterranean region","volume":"144","author":"LO Gostin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7139-9","article-title":"Analysis of alcohol policy in Nigeria: multi-sectoral action and the integration of the WHO \u201cbest-buy\u201d interventions","volume":"19","author":"O Abiona","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt142","article-title":"An Exploration of the Alcohol Policy Environment in Post-Conflict Countries.","volume":"49","author":"K Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref113","first-page":"13","article-title":"Government Options to Reduce the Impact of Alcohol on Human Health: Obstacles to Effective Policy Implementation.","author":"T Stockwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.213777","article-title":"Legal capacities required for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases","volume":"97","author":"RS Magnusson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaa009","article-title":"Multisectoral approach and WHO \u2018Bestbuys\u2019 in Nigeria\u2019s nutrition and physical activity policies","volume":"35","author":"M Oluwasanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093200","article-title":"Turning the tide: national policy approaches to increasing physical activity in seven European countries","volume":"49","author":"F Bull","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref117","volume-title":"Framework for the Implementation of the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030 in the WHO African Region: Report of the Secretariat","author":"Regional Committee for Africa, 70. \u200e2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01022-6","article-title":"National physical activity and sedentary behaviour policies in 76 countries: availability, comprehensiveness, implementation, and effectiveness.","volume":"17","author":"B Klepac Pogrmilovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref119","first-page":"e174","article-title":"Evaluating Policy Responses to Noncommunicable Diseases in Seven Caribbean Countries: Challenges to Addressing Unhealthy Diets and Physical Inactivity.","volume":"42","author":"M. Madhuvanti","journal-title":"Pan American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.108.5758","article-title":"Pathways to policy: Lessons learned in multisectoral collaboration for physical activity and built environment policy development from the Coalitions Linking Action and Science for Prevention (CLASP) initiative","volume":"108","author":"CE Politis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000615.ref121","first-page":"48","article-title":"Gaps and Challenges to Integrating Diabetes Care in Myanmar.\u201d","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref122","volume-title":"Countdown to 2023: WHO Report on Global Trans-Fat Elimination 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref123","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002111","article-title":"Implementing essential interventions for cardiovascular disease risk management in primary healthcare: lessons from Eastern Europe and Central Asia","volume":"5","author":"D Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0248-3","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for delivering non-communicable disease management and services in fragile and post-conflict settings: perceptions of policy-makers and health providers in Sierra Leone.","volume":"14","author":"S Witter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conflict and Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref126","unstructured":"Technical Package for Cardiovascular Disease Management in Primary Health Care: Healthy-Lifestyle Counselling. World Health Organization, Geneva. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/260422."},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2014.47.4.183","article-title":"Cancer Control Programs in East Asia: Evidence From the International Literature.","volume":"47","author":"MA Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4571-6","article-title":"Health system challenges to hypertension and related non-communicable diseases prevention and treatment: perspectives from Ghanaian stakeholders","volume":"19","author":"AK Laar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-01065-0","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of implementation of a community cardiovascular disease prevention programme in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research","volume":"15","author":"R Ndejjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref130","first-page":"f6753","article-title":"Implementation research: what it is and how to do it","volume":"347","author":"DH Peters","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00790-5","article-title":"Unleashing implementation research to accelerate national noncommunicable disease responses","volume":"18","author":"T Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref132","author":"D Peters","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref133","author":"W Isaranuwatchai","year":"2019"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30485-X","article-title":"Committing to implementation research for health systems to manage and control non-communicable diseases","volume":"9","author":"R Marten","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref135","unstructured":"WHO. Mid-point evaluation of the implementation of the WHO global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013\u20132020 (NCD-GAP). 2020. Available: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/about-us\/evaluation\/ncd-gap-final-report.pdf?sfvrsn=55b22b89_22&download=true"},{"key":"pgph.0000615.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30446-2","article-title":"Implementation of non-communicable disease policies: a geopolitical analysis of 151 countries","volume":"8","author":"LN Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T18:25:43Z","timestamp":1668104743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000615"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Madhukar","family":"Pai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]}}}