{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:16:27Z","timestamp":1772176587668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coalition for Operational Research on Neglected Tropical Diseases (COR-NTD) at the Task Force for Global Health","award":["205D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205D"]}]},{"name":"Coalition for Operational Research on Neglected Tropical Diseases (COR-NTD) at the Task Force for Global Health","award":["205D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205D"]}]},{"name":"Coalition for Operational Research on Neglected Tropical Diseases (COR-NTD) at the Task Force for Global Health","award":["205D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination, endemic countries must document the burden of LF morbidity (LFM). Community-based screening (CBS) is used to collect morbidity data, but evidence demonstrating its reliability is limited. Recent pilots of CBS for LFM alongside mass drug administration (MDA) in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire suggested low LFM prevalence (2.1\u20132.2 per 10,000). We estimated LFM prevalence in Bongouanou District, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, using a comparative cross-sectional design. We compared CBS implemented independently of MDA, adapted from existing Ministry of Health protocols, to a population-based prevalence survey led by formally trained nurses. We evaluated the reliability of case identification, coverage, equity, and cost of CBS. CBS identified 87.4 cases of LFM per 10,000; the survey identified 47.5 (39.4\u201356.3; prevalence ratio [PR] 1.84; 95% CI 1.64\u20132.07). CBS identified 39.7 cases of suspect lymphoedema per 10,000; the survey confirmed 35.1 (29.2\u201341.5) filarial lymphoedema cases per 10,000 (PR 1.13 [0.98\u20131.31]). CBS identified 96.5 scrotal swellings per 10,000; the survey found 91.3 (83.2\u201399.8; PR 1.06 [0.93\u20131.21]); including 33.9 (27.7\u201338.8) filarial hydrocoele per 10,000 (PR of suspect to confirmed hydrocele 2.93 [2.46\u20133.55]). Positive predictive values for case identification through CBS were 65.0% (55.8\u201373.5%) for filarial lymphoedema; 93.7% (89.3\u201396.7%) for scrotal swellings; and 34.0% (27.3\u201341.2%) for filarial hydrocoele. Households of lower socioeconomic status and certain minority languages were at risk of exclusion. Direct financial costs were $0.17 per individual targeted and $69.62 per case confirmed. Our community-based approach to LFM burden estimation appears scalable and provided reliable prevalence estimates for LFM, scrotal swellings and LF-lymphoedema. The results represent a step-change improvement on CBS integrated with MDA, whilst remaining at programmatically feasible costs. Filarial hydrocoele cases were overestimated, attributable to the use of case definitions suitable for mass-screening by informal staff. Our findings are broadly applicable to countries aiming for LF elimination using CBS. The abstract is available in French in the S1 File.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T13:28:50Z","timestamp":1661952530000},"page":"e0000760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effectiveness of community-based burden estimation to achieve elimination of lymphatic filariasis: A comparative cross-sectional investigation in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2956-5342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hope","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3015-9085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniele O.","family":"Konan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouma","family":"Brahima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne d\u2019Arc","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saidi","family":"Kashindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Edmiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-2945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Weiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Pullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aboulaye","family":"Meite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Guibehi","family":"Koudou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-0620","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Timothy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0000760.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01778-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis:: a clinical perspective","volume":"16","author":"G Dreyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology today"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000760.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30286-2","article-title":"The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000\u201318: a geospatial analysis","volume":"8","author":"A Deshpande","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref003","unstructured":"Organization WH. Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control, fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis [meeting held in Geneva from 1 to 8 October 1991]: World Health Organization; 1992."},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0000760.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003319","article-title":"Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease.","volume":"8","author":"K Ramaiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000760.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2011.11.015","article-title":"The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"126","author":"A. Fenwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public health."},{"issue":"38","key":"pgph.0000760.ref006","first-page":"489","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2014.","volume":"90","author":"WH Organization","year":"2015","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref007","author":"WH Organization","year":"2017","journal-title":"Validation of elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000760.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009075","article-title":"Health beliefs and health seeking behavior towards lymphatic filariasis morbidity management and disability prevention services in Luangwa District, Zambia: Community and provider perspectives.","volume":"15","author":"P Maritim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000760.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.591","article-title":"The epidemiology of acute adenolymphangitis due to lymphatic filariasis in northern Ghana","volume":"54","author":"JO Gyapong","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/260359","article-title":"Health-seeking behaviors and self-care practices of people with filarial lymphoedema in Nepal: a qualitative study.","volume":"2015","author":"RK Adhikari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of tropical medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref011","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: managing morbidity and preventing disability.","author":"WH Organization","year":"2013","journal-title":"An aide-m\u00e9moire for national programmes managers"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0000760.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004914","article-title":"The role of nurses and community health workers in confronting neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.","volume":"10","author":"AG Corley","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000760.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X15592757","article-title":"The potential for community-directed interventions: reaching underserved populations in Africa.","volume":"35","author":"WR Brieger","year":"2015","journal-title":"International quarterly of community health education."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000760.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01396.x","article-title":"Community\u2010directed interventions strategy enhances efficient and effective integration of health care delivery and development activities in rural disadvantaged communities of Uganda.","volume":"10","author":"M Katabarwa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000760.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009285","article-title":"Community-based Guinea worm surveillance in Chad: Evaluating a system at the intersection of human and animal disease.","volume":"15","author":"BL Rubenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000760.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0946-4","article-title":"Developing a community-led SMS reporting tool for the rapid assessment of lymphatic filariasis morbidity burden: case studies from Malawi and Ghana.","volume":"15","author":"MC Stanton","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0000760.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru150","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis morbidity mapping: a comprehensive examination of lymphoedema burden in Chikwawa district, Malawi","volume":"108","author":"EL Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref018","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique (INS) UNFPA. C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire population statistics. In: ROWCA O, editor. 2019."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref019","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Publique et Programme national de lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales N\u00e9glig\u00e9es \u00e0 Chimioth\u00e9rapie Pr\u00e9ventive (PNLMTN-CP) en Cote d\u2019Ivoire, editor. ATELIER DE REVISION DES OUTILS ET APPROCHES DE FORMATION POUR L\u2019IDENTIFICATION DES CAS DE MORBIDITE LIES A LA FILARIOSE LYMPHATIQUE; 2021; Yamoussoukro."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000760.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0466-x","article-title":"The global distribution and transmission limits of lymphatic filariasis: past and present.","volume":"7","author":"J Cano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref021","unstructured":"Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN). Site level prevalence of lymphatic filariasis. 2019."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref022","unstructured":"Cote d\u2019Ivoire data portal (2014) [24\/08\/2021]. Available from: https:\/\/cotedivoire.opendataforafrica.org\/CIPHC2010R\/recensement-de-la-population-et-du-logement-2014-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire?region=1000480-bongouanou."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref023","unstructured":"Organization WH. Vaccination Coverage Cluster Surveys: Reference Manual. Geneva2018."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref024","volume-title":"Treatment and Prevention of Problems Associated with Lymphatic Filariasis. Part 2. Tutor\u2019s Guide","author":"G Dreyer","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000760.ref025","first-page":"24","article-title":"Surgical management of morbidity due to lymphatic filariasis: the usefulness of a standardized international clinical classification of hydroceles.","volume":"29","author":"G Capuano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref026","article-title":"Inverse probability weighting","volume":"352","author":"MA Mansournia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref027","unstructured":"Gridded population survey sampling: a systematic scoping review of the field and strategic research agenda."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000760.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw040","article-title":"Outcome modelling strategies in epidemiology: traditional methods and basic alternatives","volume":"45","author":"S Greenland","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"6947","key":"pgph.0000760.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6947.102","article-title":"Statistics Notes: Diagnostic tests 2: predictive values","volume":"309","author":"DG Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref030","unstructured":"Mark Stevenson ESea. epiR: Tools for the Analysis of Epidemiological Data. 2021."},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref031","first-page":"151","article-title":"Hernia and hydrocele.","volume":"1","author":"JH Beard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disease Control Priorities"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref032","volume-title":"Surgical approaches to the urogenital manifestations of lymphatic filariasis: report from an informal consultation among experts","author":"Organization WH","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000760.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000067","article-title":"National mass drug administration costs for lymphatic filariasis elimination.","volume":"1","author":"AS Goldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0000760.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006023","article-title":"The cost of mapping trachoma: Data from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project.","volume":"11","author":"G Trotignon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0000760.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009577","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009577","article-title":"Active case detection methods for crusted scabies and leprosy: A systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"M Glennie","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000760.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000708","article-title":"The economic benefits resulting from the first 8 years of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (2000\u20132007).","volume":"4","author":"BK Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"issue":"9710","key":"pgph.0000760.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61422-7","article-title":"Socioeconomic aspects of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"375","author":"L Conteh","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000760.ref038","first-page":"728","article-title":"Investment success in public health: an analysis of the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"64","author":"HC Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0000760.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0286","article-title":"Economic costs and benefits of a community-based lymphedema management program for lymphatic filariasis in Odisha State, India","volume":"95","author":"E Stillwaggon","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref040","author":"WH Organization","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes"},{"key":"pgph.0000760.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.009","article-title":"Community-directed mass drug administration is undermined by status seeking in friendship networks and inadequate trust in health advice networks.","volume":"183","author":"GF Chami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0000760.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh096","article-title":"Comparison of two cluster sampling methods for health surveys in developing countries","volume":"33","author":"P Milligan","year":"2004","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000760","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T13:29:55Z","timestamp":1661952595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000760"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Machado","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000760","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.10.22270792","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}}}