{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:12:58Z","timestamp":1747195978335,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CDC Foundation through the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Global Health"},{"name":"CDC Foundation through the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Global Health"},{"name":"CDC Foundation through the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Global Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the first 152 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases (125 primary and 27 secondary) and their 248 close contacts in Kisumu County, Kenya. Conducted June 10\u2013October 8, 2020, this study included interviews and sample collection at enrolment and 14\u201321 days later. Median age was 35 years (IQR 28\u201344); 69.0% reported COVID-19 related symptoms, most commonly cough (60.0%), headache (55.2%), fever (53.3%) and loss of taste or smell (43.8%). One in five were hospitalized, 34.4% &gt;25 years of age had at least one comorbidity, and all deaths had comorbidities. Adults \u226525 years with a comorbidity were 3.15 (95% CI 1.37\u20137.26) times more likely to have been hospitalized or died than participants without a comorbidity. Infectious comorbidities included HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, but no current cases of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue fever, leptospirosis or chikungunya were identified. Thirteen (10.4%) of the 125 primary infections transmitted COVID-19 to 27 close contacts, 158 (63.7%) of whom resided or worked within the same household. Thirty-one percent (4 of 13) of those who transmitted COVID-19 to secondary cases were health care workers; no known secondary transmissions occurred between health care workers. This rapid assessment early in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic identified some context-specific characteristics which conflicted with the national line-listing of cases, and which have been substantiated in the year since. These included over two-thirds of cases reporting the development of symptoms during the two weeks after diagnosis, compared to the 7% of cases reported nationally; over half of cases reporting headaches, and nearly half of all cases reporting loss of taste and smell, none of which were reported at the time by the World Health Organization to be common symptoms. This study highlights the importance of rapid in-depth assessments of outbreaks in understanding the local epidemiology and response measures required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T17:25:54Z","timestamp":1662657954000},"page":"e0000951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and secondary transmission in Kisumu, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-2968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beth A.","family":"Tippett Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Herman-Roloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norton","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bukusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Oele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Lewis-Kulzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clayton O.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hunsperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel H.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peninah","family":"Munyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kephas","family":"Othieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1932-3868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edwin","family":"Mulwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Akelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Muok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bulterys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Nzioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig R.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus infections\u2013more than just the common cold","volume":"323","author":"CI Paules","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Accessed from https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19\u201411-march-2020 on October 31, 2020."},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref004","unstructured":"Bloomberg News. Accessed from https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-03-13\/kenyan-health-secretary-reports-first-case-of-coronavirus on October 31, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0000951.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12915","article-title":"Early epidemiological investigations: World Health Organization UNITY protocols provide a standardized and timely international investigation framework during theCOVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"16","author":"I Bergeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respi Viruses."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0000951.ref006","first-page":"24","article-title":"Clinical presentation, case management and outcomes for the first 32 COVID-19 patients in Nigeria.","volume":"35","author":"A Bowale","year":"2020","journal-title":"PanAfrican Medical Journal"},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref007","article-title":"First 100 persons with COVID-19 \u2013Zambia, March 18-April 28, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"PJ Chipimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref008","unstructured":"Kisumu County Health at Glance. Kenya Ministry of Health, 2015. Accessed online from https:\/\/www.healthpolicyproject.com\/pubs\/291\/Kisumu%20County-FINAL.pdf on March 4th 2021."},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref009","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health. COVID-19 Outbreak in Kenya, Daily Situation Report\u2013 205. October 8, 2020. Accessed online from https:\/\/www.health.go.ke\/ on March 4th, 2021."},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Accessed from https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus#tab=tab_3 on October 31, 2020."},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0000951.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26041","article-title":"Estimation of the basic reproduction number, average incubation time, asymptomatic infection rate, and case fatality rate for COVID-19: Meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis","volume":"92","author":"W He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"37","key":"pgph.0000951.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e333","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e333","article-title":"Real Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Might Be Rare: Importance of Careful Interviews and Follow-up.","volume":"35","author":"TH Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0000951.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.","volume":"277","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"pgph.0000951.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0000951.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.064","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of various comorbidities on serious events.","volume":"14","author":"K Nandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0000951.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.033","article-title":"Household transmission of COVID-19-a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"81","author":"H Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T17:26:22Z","timestamp":1662657982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000951"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Coffee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2767-3375"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}