{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:09:32Z","timestamp":1789578572299,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014035","name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0137_20_N3_08.02."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0137_20_N3_08.02."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza virus is an important contributor to acute respiratory illnesses and is estimated to cause up to 650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Ghana recorded influenza viruses as far back as 1918 when the Spanish influenza pandemic led to the death of &gt;100,000 people in a population of 4 million at the time. An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) among poultry in Ghana in 2007, led to the establishment of virological surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) by the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR). This surveillance system, supported by the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit-No. 3 (NAMRU-3) and the Ghana Health Service (GHS), monitors circulating influenza strains and activity to better understand the epidemiology of influenza in Ghana. We present here the results of this surveillance system from 2011 to 2019. As part of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system of the GHS under the Ministry of Health (MOH), oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients who met a modified World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for ILI or severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) through a sentinel surveillance system in the country. Samples were transported to the National Influenza Centre (NIC) at the NMIMR and tested for influenza virus using protocols defined by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Selected isolates were sent to the WHO collaborating centre in the United Kingdom for further antigenic characterization. From 2011 to 2019, the NIC tested a total of 21,747 ILI samples and 3,429 SARI samples. Influenza positivity rates were highest in the 5\u201314 year old group for both ILI (20.8%) and SARI (23.8%). Compared to females, more males were seen at the health facilities for ILI and SARI symptoms with a statistically significant difference in influenza positive ILI (15% vs 13.2%, p &lt;0.001). In terms of absolute numbers, more cases were seen at the health centres during the wet seasons (April to October) compared to the dry seasons (November to March) in Ghana. This study presents 9 years of surveillance data from outpatient and inpatient setting on influenza activity as well as the influenza A subtypes and B lineages that drive the activity. This presents useful information for influenza vaccine selection and administration. Ghana\u2019s unique influenza activity patterns also present a challenge in predicting when an outbreak could occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T13:22:39Z","timestamp":1670592159000},"page":"e0001104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiology of influenza in Ghana, 2011 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-3190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivy Asantewaa","family":"Asante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne T.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Behene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-6639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaw","family":"Awuku-Larbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erasmus Nikoi","family":"Kotey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Asomadu","family":"Obeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustina","family":"Arjarquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gifty","family":"Mawuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Magnusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiki Puplampu","family":"Attram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7765-8343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shirley","family":"Nimo-Paintsil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Asiedu-Bekoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis Odai","family":"Laryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obed","family":"Bangdome Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Owusu Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-9099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lartei Mingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4968-017X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-5917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Letizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrel","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Kwabena","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001104.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70008-1","article-title":"Seasonal influenza epidemiology in sub-saharan africa: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"B Gessner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001104.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30496-X","article-title":"Mortality, morbidity, and hospitalisations due to influenza lower respiratory tract infections, 2017: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017.","volume":"7","author":"GBD 2017 Influenza Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001104.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization\u2013influenza burden of disease. 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