{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:25:10Z","timestamp":1790839510825,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have limited understanding of the organisational issues at the health facility-level that impact providers and care as it relates to mistreatment in childbirth, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). By extension, it is not clear what types of facility-level organisational changes or changes in working environments in LMICs could support and enable respectful maternity care (RMC). While there has been relatively more attention to health system pressures related to shortages of staff and other resources as key barriers, other organisational challenges may be less explored in the context of RMC. This scoping review aims to consolidate evidence to address these gaps. We searched literature published in English between 2000\u20132021 within Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases. Study selection was two-fold. Maternal health articles articulating an organisational issue at the facility- level and impact on providers and\/or care in an LMIC setting were included. We also searched for literature on interventions but due to the limited number of related intervention studies in maternity care specifically, we expanded intervention study criteria to include all medical disciplines. Organisational issues captured from the non-intervention, maternal health studies, and solutions offered by intervention studies across disciplines were organised thematically and to establish linkages between problems and solutions. Of 5677 hits, 54 articles were included: 41 non-intervention maternal healthcare studies and 13 intervention studies across all medical disciplines. Key organisational challenges relate to high workload, unbalanced division of work, lack of professional autonomy, low pay, inadequate training, poor feedback and supervision, and workplace violence, and these were differentially influenced by resource shortages. Interventions that respond to these challenges focus on leadership, supportive supervision, peer support, mitigating workplace violence, and planning for shortages. While many of these issues were worsened by resource shortages, medical and professional hierarchies also strongly underpinned a number of organisational problems. Frontline providers, particularly midwives and nurses, suffer disproportionately and need greater attention. Transforming institutional leadership and approaches to supervision may be particularly useful to tackle existing power hierarchies that could in turn support a culture of respectful care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T17:21:34Z","timestamp":1665508894000},"page":"e0001134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A scoping review of the impact of organisational factors on providers and related interventions in LMICs: Implications for respectful maternity care"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-2810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bhavya","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-4297","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baneen","family":"Karachiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1147-2789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ravi","family":"Sadhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9010-074X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gita","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-616X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hedieh","family":"Mehrtash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-682X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00d6zge","family":"Tun\u00e7alp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10056","key":"pgph.0001134.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31472-6","article-title":"Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide","volume":"388","author":"S Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001134.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001847","article-title":"The Mistreatment of Women during Childbirth in Health Facilities Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"MA Bohren","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"10210","key":"pgph.0001134.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31992-0","article-title":"How women are treated during facility-based childbirth in four countries: a cross-sectional study with labour observations and community-based surveys","volume":"394","author":"MA Bohren","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref004","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Social inequalities and women\u2019s satisfaction with childbirth care in Brazil: a national hospital-based survey","volume":"30","author":"E d\u2019Orsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0729-2","article-title":"The Giving Voice to Mothers study: inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States","volume":"16","author":"S Vedam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2021.1938510","article-title":"Obstetric iatrogenesis in the United States: the spectrum of unintentional harm, disrespect, violence, and abuse","volume":"28","author":"KL Liese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anthropol Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.103212","article-title":"Obstetric violence a qualitative interview study.","volume":"105","author":"A Annborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref008","unstructured":"WHO | Prevention and elimination of disrespect and abuse during childbirth [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization; [cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/topics\/maternal_perinatal\/statement-childbirth\/en\/."},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref009","unstructured":"WHO | WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization; [cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/intrapartum-care-guidelines\/en\/."},{"issue":"53","key":"pgph.0001134.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/09688080.2018.1508173","article-title":"Beyond measurement: the drivers of disrespect and abuse in obstetric care","volume":"26","author":"G Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref011","article-title":"A critical interpretive synthesis of power and mistreatment of women in maternity care and implications for policies and programs.","author":"M Schaff","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001134.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.12927\/cjnl.2006.18599","article-title":"Leader empowering behaviours, staff nurse empowerment and work engagement\/burnout.","volume":"19","author":"P Greco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nurs Leadersh Tor Ont"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.016","article-title":"Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: A systematic review.","volume":"85","author":"GG Cummings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001134.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13282","article-title":"Professional autonomy in nursing: An integrative review","volume":"29","author":"K Pursio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2013.10.009","article-title":"Assessing the relationships between nurse work hours\/overtime and nurse and patient outcomes: Systematic literature review","volume":"62","author":"SH Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001134.ref016","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Long hours and little sleep: work schedules of residents in obstetrics and gynecology.","volume":"97","author":"DM Defoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001134.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.01.001","article-title":"Hospital staff shortages: Environmental and organizational determinants and implications for patient satisfaction","volume":"124","author":"V Winter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4153-7","article-title":"A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and burnout symptoms","volume":"17","author":"G Aronsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"26","key":"pgph.0001134.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11086","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011086","article-title":"Determinants of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burn out in nursing: A correlative meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"YY Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2006.01824.x","article-title":"Meta-synthesis of caring in nursing","volume":"17","author":"D. Finfgeld-Connett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13186","article-title":"Prevalence, Related Factors, and Levels of Burnout Among Midwives: A Systematic Review","volume":"66","author":"L Albend\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9318534","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9318534","article-title":"Factors Influencing Burnout Syndrome in Obstetrics and Gynecology Physicians","volume":"2017","author":"M Iorga","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001134.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa009","article-title":"Providers\u2019 perceptions of disrespect and abuse during childbirth: a mixed-methods study in Kenya.","volume":"35","author":"PA Afulani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-015-0117-9","article-title":"Attitudes and behaviours of maternal health care providers in interactions with clients: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"P Mannava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref025","article-title":"Disrespect and abuse in maternity care: women\u2019s experiences and healthcare providers\u2019 perspectives in Nigeria","author":"J Orpin","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0425-8","article-title":"Sowing the seeds of transformative practice to actualize women\u2019s rights to respectful maternity care: reflections from Kenya using the consolidated framework for implementation research","volume":"17","author":"CE Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.12779.1","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.","volume":"2","author":"S Dugani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001134.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153391","article-title":"What prevents quality midwifery care? A systematic mapping of barriers in low and middle income countries from the provider perspective.","volume":"11","author":"A Filby","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-43","article-title":"Contextual influences on health worker motivation in district hospitals in Kenya","volume":"4","author":"P Mbindyo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement Sci IS."},{"issue":"53","key":"pgph.0001134.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/09688080.2018.1502021","article-title":"Identifying disrespect and abuse in organisational culture: a study of two hospitals in Mumbai, India","volume":"26","author":"N Madhiwalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13179","article-title":"Understanding Afghan healthcare providers: a qualitative study of the culture of care in a Kabul maternity hospital","volume":"122","author":"R Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-149","article-title":"Motivation and incentives of rural maternal and neonatal health care providers: a comparison of qualitative findings from Burkina Faso, Ghana and Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"H Prytherch","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3350-0","article-title":"The goldilocks effect: the rhythms and pace of hospital life","volume":"18","author":"J Braithwaite","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref034","author":"S Thomas","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001134.ref035","article-title":"Connecting governance culture and hospital performance improvement.","volume":"61","author":"KJ McDonagh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trustee J Hosp Gov Boards [Internet]."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1188\/13.ONF.180-187","article-title":"Evaluation of a compassion fatigue resiliency program for oncology nurses","volume":"40","author":"P Potter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol Nurs Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001134.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000001000","article-title":"Development and Implementation of a Brief Healthcare Professional Support Program Based in Gratitude, Mindfulness, Self-compassion, and Empathy","volume":"51","author":"D Victorson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm"},{"issue":"9597","key":"pgph.0001134.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61619-5","article-title":"Global health governance and the World Bank","volume":"370","author":"JP Ruger","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2018.1447242","article-title":"Learning from Doing: How USAID\u2019s Health Financing and Governance Project Supports Health System Reforms","volume":"4","author":"AS Yazbeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Syst Reform"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0001134.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002341","article-title":"Community and health system intervention to reduce disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Tanga Region, Tanzania: A comparative before-and-after study","volume":"14","author":"SA Kujawski","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref041","author":"N Fulop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Studying the Organisation and Delivery of Health Services: Research Methods"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref042","unstructured":"WHO | Health Policy and Systems Research\u2014A Methodology Reader [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization; [cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/alliance-hpsr\/resources\/reader\/en\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework.","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-48","article-title":"Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team\u2019s experience with Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s framework","volume":"13","author":"HML Daudt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2016.07.009","article-title":"Exposure to disrespectful patient care during training: Data from midwifery students at 15 midwifery schools in Ghana","volume":"41","author":"CA Moyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1694-x","article-title":"Working relationships between obstetric care staff and their managers: a critical incident analysis.","volume":"16","author":"E Chipeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0449-4","article-title":"Service providers\u2019 experiences of disrespectful and abusive behavior towards women during facility based childbirth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"A Asefa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453333","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1453333","article-title":"Challenges in day-to-day midwifery practice; a qualitative study from a regional referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","volume":"11","author":"HS Bremnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-166","article-title":"Antenatal and obstetric care in Afghanistan\u2013a qualitative study among health care receivers and health care providers.","volume":"13","author":"Z Rahmani","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-7","article-title":"Implementation challenges of maternal health care in Ghana: the case of health care providers in the Tamale Metropolis","volume":"14","author":"E Banchani","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.103006","article-title":"Turkish midwives\u2019 experiences and opinions in promoting normal births: A grounded theory study","volume":"99","author":"A Deliktas Demirci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v42i1.1952","article-title":"Perceptions of midwives on shortage and retention of staff at a public hospital in Tshwane District.","volume":"42","author":"MS Matlala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curationis"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref054","article-title":"Why do some health care providers disrespect and abuse women during childbirth in India? Women Birth [Internet].","author":"K Mayra","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2019.102577","article-title":"Health care providers\u2019 perception of facilitators and barriers for the practice of skin-to-skin contact in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study","volume":"81","author":"N Abdulghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.08.008","article-title":"Perceptions of women on workloads in health facilities and its effect on maternal health care: A multi-site qualitative study in Nigeria","volume":"55","author":"RN Ogu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2019.04.006","article-title":"\u201cThere is no time for knowing each other\u201d: Quality of care during childbirth in a low resource setting","volume":"75","author":"F Mgawadere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.03.029","article-title":"The complex challenge of providing patient-centred perinatal healthcare in rural Uganda: A qualitative enquiry","volume":"205","author":"NDP Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03762-0","article-title":"Challenges experienced by midwives working in rural communities in the Upper East Region of Ghana: a qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"P Adatara","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2009.05.007","article-title":"\u2018Shedding light\u2019on the challenges faced by Palestinian maternal health-care providers","volume":"27","author":"S Hassan-Bitar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0492-5","article-title":"Too few staff, too many patients: a qualitative study of the impact on obstetric care providers and on quality of care in Malawi","volume":"15","author":"S Bradley","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733011414968","article-title":"Moral distress in nursing practice in Malawi","volume":"19","author":"VM Maluwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001134.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/aman.12046","article-title":"Managing Labor and Delivery among Impoverished Populations in Mexico: Cervical Examinations as Bureaucratic Practice","volume":"115","author":"V. Smith-Oka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Anthropol"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112698","article-title":"Collective strategies to cope with work related stress among nurses in resource constrained settings: An ethnography of neonatal nursing in Kenya","volume":"245","author":"J McKnight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001134.ref065","first-page":"198","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 attitudes and reactions to workplace violence in obstetrics and gynaecology departments in Cairo hospitals","volume":"18","author":"N Samir","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J Rev Sante Mediterr Orient Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001134.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000421","article-title":"Healthcare Professionals\u2019 Attitudes and Practices in Supporting and Promoting the Breastfeeding of Preterm Infants in NICUs","volume":"17","author":"KK Shattnawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-016-0144-5","article-title":"District health manager and mid-level provider perceptions of practice environments in acute obstetric settings in Tanzania: a mixed-method study","volume":"14","author":"N Ng\u2019ang\u2019a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1999-3","article-title":"Provider and client perspectives on maternity care in Namibia: results from two cross-sectional studies","volume":"18","author":"J Wesson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001134.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.10.005","article-title":"Challenges for the adoption of evidence-based maternity care in Turkey","volume":"62","author":"JM Turan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001134.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.08.001","article-title":"Assessing and understanding quality of care in a labour ward: A pilot study combining clinical and social science perspectives in Gondar, Ethiopia","volume":"71","author":"E Pitchforth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1288-6","article-title":"Manifestations and drivers of mistreatment of women during childbirth in Kenya: implications for measurement and developing interventions","volume":"17","author":"CE Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2013.25.37-39","article-title":"Evaluation of Outsourcing in Nursing Services: A Case Study of Kashani Hospital, Isfahan in 2011","volume":"25","author":"M Ferdosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater Socio-Medica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330500457994","article-title":"Mozambican midwives\u2019 views on barriers to quality perinatal care","volume":"27","author":"KO Pettersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-020-00510-x","article-title":"Midwives\u2019 challenges and factors that motivate them to remain in their workplace in the Democratic Republic of Congo\u2014an interview study","volume":"18","author":"M Bogren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"sup-1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref075","first-page":"498","article-title":"Challenges experienced by midwifery practitioners in the midwifery practice environment of Limpopo Province, South Africa: maternal and child care.","volume":"21","author":"MK Thopola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00148-6","article-title":"Quality of care in institutionalized deliveries: the paradox of the Dominican Republic","volume":"82","author":"S Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet Off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001134.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.15452\/CEJNM.2017.08.0017","article-title":"Work-related stress and coping among midwives in Slovakia.","volume":"8","author":"L. B\u00e1novcinov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Nurs Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-248","article-title":"At the right time, in the right way, with the right resources\u2019: perceptions of the quality of care provided during childbirth in Malawi","volume":"14","author":"E O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref079","first-page":"15","article-title":"Implications of Nurse\u2019s Moral Distress Experience in Clinical Practice and Their Health Status in Obstetrics and Critical Care Settings","volume":"6","author":"H. Hassan","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref080","article-title":"Factors affecting the performance of maternal health care providers in Armenia.","author":"A Fort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001134.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2279","article-title":"Can managers empower nurse-midwives to improve maternal health care? A comparison of two resource-poor hospitals in Tanzania.","volume":"31","author":"P Tibandebage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-61","article-title":"Staff experiences of providing maternity services in rural southern Tanzania\u2013a focus on equipment, drug and supply issues","volume":"13","author":"S Penfold","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3787-1","article-title":"Are health facilities well equipped to provide basic quality childbirth services under the free maternal health policy? Findings from rural Northern Ghana","volume":"18","author":"PA Dalinjong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2307\/3583450","article-title":"Staff Attitude as a Barrier to the Utilisation of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital for Obstetric Care","volume":"4","author":"EEJ Asuquo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-019-0436-7","article-title":"The effects of maternity waiting homes on the health workforce and maternal health service delivery in rural Zambia: a qualitative analysis","volume":"17","author":"JL Kaiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001134.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/16.3.273","article-title":"The impact of supervision on stock management and adherence to treatment guidelines: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"16","author":"B Trap","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001134.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1108\/14777271211251345","article-title":"Clinical governance: A lever for change in Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital in Vietnam","volume":"17","author":"LT Tuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gov"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.12.017","article-title":"An ethical leadership program for nursing unit managers","volume":"62","author":"SH Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v8i1.1184","article-title":"How to change organisational culture: Action research in a South African public sector primary care facility","volume":"8","author":"R Mash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001134.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2734","article-title":"Patient safety walkrounds; 5 years of experience in a developing country.","volume":"34","author":"M Saadati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0225-0","article-title":"The impact of a human resource management intervention on the capacity of supervisors to support and supervise their staff at health facility level.","volume":"15","author":"O Uduma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2017.08.003","article-title":"A safety culture training program enhanced the perceptions of patient safety culture of nurse managers","volume":"27","author":"JF Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"pgph.0001134.ref093","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Huddling Programme: Effects on empowerment, organisational commitment and ego-resilience in clinical nurses\u2014a randomised trial","volume":"25","author":"SB Im","year":"2016","journal-title":"TheJ Clin Nurs"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2019.100813","article-title":"Effect of an education program, risk assessment checklist and prevention protocol on violence against emergency department nurses: A single center before and after study","volume":"50","author":"S Sharifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2015.11.001","article-title":"The impact of training program on nurses\u2019 attitudes toward workplace violence in Jordan","volume":"30","author":"NM Al-Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res ANR"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12549","article-title":"The outcome of a training programme (RESPECT) on staff\u2019s attitudes towards causes and management of aggression in a Regional Referral Hospital of northern Uganda","volume":"27","author":"AMC Coneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref097","article-title":"Midwives Voices, Midwives Realities Findings from a global consultation on providing quality midwifery care","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"pgph.0001134.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.07.003","article-title":"\u201cBy slapping their laps, the patient will know that you truly care for her\u201d: A qualitative study on social norms and acceptability of the mistreatment of women during childbirth in Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"MA Bohren","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Popul Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001134.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab135","article-title":"Systems on the edge: developing organizational theory for the persistence of mistreatment in childbirth","volume":"37","author":"K. Ramsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001134.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008007","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-008007","article-title":"Health workforce governance for compassionate and respectful care: a framework for research, policy and practice","volume":"7","author":"G Cometto","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001134.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003229","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003229","article-title":"The effectiveness of training strategies to improve healthcare provider practices in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"6","author":"AK Rowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T19:19:08Z","timestamp":1701199148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001134"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Tappis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]}}}