{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:05:43Z","timestamp":1784088343079,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R023182\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R023182\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to its widespread use in the sex work industry, female sex workers (FSWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at high risk of harmful alcohol use and associated adverse health outcomes. Factors associated with harmful alcohol use include violence, mental health problems, drug use, sexual risk behaviors and HIV\/STIs. To our knowledge, there has been no quantitative synthesis of FSW alcohol use data to date. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide an estimate of the prevalence of harmful alcohol use among FSWs in LMICs and to examine associations with common health and social concerns. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42021237438. We searched three electronic databases for peer-reviewed, quantitative studies from inception to 24th February 2021. Studies were selected for inclusion that reported any measure of prevalence or incidence of alcohol use among FSWs aged 18 or older from countries defined as LMIC in accordance with the World Bank income groups 2019. The following study designs were included: cross-sectional survey, case\u2013control study, cohort study, case series analysis, or experimental study with baseline measures for alcohol use. Study quality was assessed with the Center for Evidence-Based Management (CEBMa) Critical Appraisal Tool. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated for (i) any hazardous\/harmful\/dependent alcohol use, (ii) harmful\/dependent alcohol use only, both overall and by region and (iii) daily alcohol use. Meta-analyses examined associations between harmful alcohol use and violence, condom use, HIV\/STIs, mental health problems and other drug use. In total, 435 papers were identified. After screening, 99 papers reporting on 87 unique studies with 51,904 participants from 32 LMICs met the inclusion criteria. Study designs included cross-sectional (n = 89), cohort (n = 6) and experimental (n = 4). Overall, 5 scored as high quality, 79 studies scored as moderate and 15 scored as weak quality. Twenty-nine papers reporting on 22 unique studies used validated alcohol use tools including AUDIT, CAGE and WHO CIDI. The pooled prevalence of any hazardous\/harmful\/dependent alcohol use was 41% (95% CI: 31\u201351%), and of daily alcohol use was 26% (95% CI: 17\u201336%). There was variation in harmful alcohol use by global region (Sub-Saharan Africa: 38%; South Asia\/Central Asia\/ East Asia and Pacific: 47% and Latin America and the Caribbean:44%). Harmful alcohol use was significantly associated with inconsistent condom use (pooled unadjusted RR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.67), STIs (pooled unadjusted OR: 1.29; 95% CI 1.15\u20131.46); and other drug use (pooled unadjusted OR of 2.44; 95% CI 1.24\u20134.80), but not with HIV, violence or mental health problems. We found a high prevalence of problem alcohol use and daily alcohol use among FSWs in LMICs. Harmful drinking was associated with important HIV risk factors such as inconsistent condom use, STIs and other drug use. Major limitations included heterogeneity in tools and cut-off scores to measure alcohol use and other common risk factors, and a paucity of longitudinal studies. There is an urgent need for tailored interventions for FSWs in LMICs that address alcohol use as well as the associated sex work risk environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T17:33:57Z","timestamp":1686677637000},"page":"e0001216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Alcohol use and associated risk factors among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-1780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alicja","family":"Beksinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oda","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitzy","family":"Gafos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9156-7341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tara S.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref001","author":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001216.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13204","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Current Knowledge, Implications, and Future Directions","volume":"40","author":"EC Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref003","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Health Organisation. Global status report on alcohol and health"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pgph.0001216.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"SL James","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001958","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001958","article-title":"Advancing alcohol research in low-income and middle-income countries: a global alcohol environment framework","volume":"5","author":"H Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000099","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000099","article-title":"What the InBev merger means for health in Africa.","volume":"1","author":"J Hanefeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040346","article-title":"Harmful Use of Alcohol: A Shadow over Sub-Saharan Africa in Need of Workable Solutions.","volume":"14","author":"C Ferreira-Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i26","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl073","article-title":"Social inequalities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the study countries of the EU concerted action \u2019Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study","volume":"41","author":"K Bloomfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1080-0","article-title":"The socioeconomic profile of alcohol-attributable mortality in South Africa: a modelling study","volume":"16","author":"C Probst","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"10038","key":"pgph.0001216.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30827-3","article-title":"Alcohol and the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"387","author":"J Collin","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref011","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001216.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002680","article-title":"Associations between sex work laws and sex workers\u2019 health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies.","volume":"15","author":"L Platt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-741","article-title":"\u2019It is like a tomato stall where someone can pick what he likes\u2019: structure and practices of female sex work in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"13","author":"M Mbonye","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp095","article-title":"Alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients: an integrative review of global literature","volume":"45","author":"Q Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1679216","article-title":"Multi-level experiences and determinants of alcohol misuse and illicit drug use among occupational groups at high-risk of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A thematic synthesis of qualitative findings","volume":"15","author":"MO Kuteesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001216.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003297","article-title":"Mental health problems among female sex workers in low- And middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"TS Beattie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref017","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO).","year":"2010"},{"issue":"14","key":"pgph.0001216.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350140051025","article-title":"Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire.","volume":"252","author":"JA Ewing","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1563","article-title":"Assessment of alcoholic standard drinks using the Munich composite international diagnostic interview (M-CIDI): An evaluation and subsequent revision","volume":"26","author":"S Kuitunen-Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001216.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption\u2014II","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref021","first-page":"225","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of drug- and alcohol-related problems: a WHO Memorandum","volume":"59","author":"G Edwards","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001216.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02483-y","article-title":"Alcohol Misuse and Illicit Drug Use Among Occupational Groups at High Risk of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.","volume":"23","author":"MO Kuteesa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids and Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909","article-title":"A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers","volume":"104","author":"KN Deering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0001216.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X","article-title":"Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"S Baral","year":"2012","journal-title":"LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2013.824595","article-title":"Resilience and syndemic risk factors among African-American female sex workers","volume":"19","author":"ME Buttram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology, health & medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2003.17.4.423","article-title":"Syndemics and public health: reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context.","volume":"17","author":"M Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-22","article-title":"Effects of hazardous and harmful alcohol use on HIV incidence and sexual behaviour: a cohort study of Kenyan female sex workers","volume":"10","author":"MF Chersich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agv124","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Hazardous Drinking among Female Sex Workers in 13 Mexican Cities.","volume":"51","author":"SJ Semple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol and alcoholism"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001216.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.748863","article-title":"Condom use among female sex workers in Uganda.","volume":"25","author":"J Bukenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001216.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.07.015","article-title":"Alcohol and transactional sex: how risky is the mix?","volume":"69","author":"AH Norris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9516-4","article-title":"Alcohol use and high-risk sexual behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review","volume":"40","author":"SE Woolf-King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2011.610535","article-title":"Alcohol use and sexual risks: use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) among female sex workers in China","volume":"34","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health care for women international"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020153","article-title":"High Levels of Persistent Problem Drinking in Women at High Risk for HIV in Kampala, Uganda: A Prospective Cohort Study.","volume":"13","author":"HA Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03515-5","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of common mental health problems and recent suicidal thoughts and behaviours among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya.","volume":"21","author":"A Beksinska","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref036","unstructured":"Bank. W. World Bank Income Groups. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/income-level\/low-and-middle-income."},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.09.023","article-title":"Revisiting the understanding of \"transactional sex\" in sub-Saharan Africa: A review and synthesis of the literature.","volume":"168","author":"K Stoebenau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"7414","key":"pgph.0001216.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.037","article-title":"The impact of an alcohol harm reduction intervention on interpersonal violence and engagement in sex work among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"161","author":"L Parcesepe AM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000335","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Use Among Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"67","author":"KL L\u2019Engle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jaids-Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes."},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref041","first-page":"S55","article-title":"Violence against substance-abusing South African sex workers: intersection with culture and HIV risk","volume":"17","author":"WM Wechsberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS\/HIV"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9036-8","article-title":"Substance use, sexual risk, and violence: HIV prevention intervention with sex workers in Pretoria.","volume":"10","author":"WM Wechsberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS AND BEHAVIOR"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/002204261104100205","article-title":"Effectiveness of an adapted evidence-based woman-focused intervention for sex workers and non-sex workers: the women\u2019s health coop","volume":"41","author":"WM Wechsberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"South Africa. Journal of Drug Issues"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"pgph.0001216.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080801918247","article-title":"Substance use and sexual risk within the context of gender inequality in South Africa.","volume":"43","author":"WM Wechsberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-4-11","article-title":"Substance abuse, treatment needs and access among female sex workers and non-sex workers in Pretoria, South Africa.","volume":"4","author":"WM Wechsberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.976240","article-title":"Physical and sexual violence, childhood sexual abuse and HIV\/STI risk behaviour among alcohol-using women engaged in sex work in Mongolia.","volume":"10","author":"AM Parcesepe","year":"2015","journal-title":"GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0001216.ref047","first-page":"523","article-title":"The longitudinal association of venue stability with consistent condom use among female sex workers in two Mexico-USA border cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD &","volume":"24","author":"TL Gaines","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001216.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9984-0","article-title":"Reducing sexual HIV\/STI risk and harmful alcohol use among female sex workers in Mongolia: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"15","author":"SS Witte","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS and behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref049","article-title":"Associations of Sexual Risk Taking Among Kenyan Female Sex Workers After Enrollment in an HIV-1 Prevention Trial.","volume":"38","author":"G Yadav","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001216.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143317","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of client-perpetrated violence against female sex workers in 13 Mexican cities","volume":"10","author":"SJ Semple","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001216.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1206603","article-title":"Correlates of unprotected sex with male clients among female sex workers in 13 Mexican cities","volume":"12","author":"SJ Semple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001980","article-title":"How Can Programs Better Support Female Sex Workers to Avoid HIV Infection in Zimbabwe? A Prevention Cascade Analysis.","volume":"81","author":"E Fearon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.02.020","article-title":"Substance use and HIV infection awareness among HIV-infected female sex workers in Lilongwe, Malawi.","volume":"30","author":"KE Lancaster","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref054","first-page":"197","article-title":"The association between substance use and sub-optimal HIV treatment engagement among HIV-infected female sex workers in Lilongwe","volume":"29","author":"KE Lancaster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malawi. Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids\/Hiv"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001216.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000502","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Associations With Biological Markers and Self-Reported Indicators of Unprotected Sex in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya.","volume":"43","author":"D White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"pgph.0001216.ref056","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence in HIV-positive women engaged in transactional sex in Mombasa, Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD &","volume":"27","author":"KS Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9723-y","article-title":"Alcohol use and sex risk behaviors among HIV-infected female sex workers (FSWs) and HIV-infected male clients of FSWs in India","volume":"14","author":"JH Samet","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"14","key":"pgph.0001216.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417708678","article-title":"Multi-level risk factors associated with sex trading among women living with HIV in Kazakhstan: A neglected key population","volume":"28","author":"A Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418792100","article-title":"Social cohesion, condom use, and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic","volume":"30","author":"MA Carrasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of STD and AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088157","article-title":"Abriendo Puertas: baseline findings from an integrated intervention to promote prevention, treatment and care among FSW living with HIV in the Dominican Republic","volume":"9","author":"Y Donastorg","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2035-4","article-title":"Time to unsafe sexual practice among cross-border female sex workers in Metemma Yohannes, North West Ethiopia.","volume":"15","author":"LD Gezie","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001216.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu340","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers and their intimate male partners in northern Mexico: A longitudinal, multilevel study","volume":"181","author":"AR Bazzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001216.ref063","first-page":"764","article-title":"Heavy episodic drinking among Kenyan female sex workers is associated with unsafe sex, sexual violence and sexually transmitted infections. International Journal of Std &","volume":"18","author":"MF Chersich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.4","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of violence against female sex workers in Abuja, Nigeria.","volume":"14","author":"OI Fawole","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref065","first-page":"490","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking pattern among brothel-based female sex workers in two local government areas in Lagos state, Nigeria.","volume":"13","author":"OO Odukoya","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref066","first-page":"465","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity among female commercial sex workers","volume":"59","author":"MG Iaisuklang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.104822","article-title":"Psychological morbidity among female commercial sex workers with alcohol and drug abuse","volume":"54","author":"K Pandiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian journal of psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009449","article-title":"Condom use, intervention service utilization and HIV knowledge among female sex workers in China: Results of three consecutive cross-sectional surveys in Shandong Province with historically low HIV prevalence","volume":"23","author":"M Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of STD and AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086267","article-title":"HIV Infection, Risk Factors, and Preventive Services Utilization among Female Sex Workers in the Mekong Delta Region of Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"BX Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033282","article-title":"Condom Negotiations among Female Sex Workers in the Philippines: Environmental Influences.","volume":"7","author":"LA Urada","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512471969","article-title":"Sex work and its associations with alcohol and methamphetamine use among female bar and spa workers in the Philippines","volume":"26","author":"LA Urada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10852351003640625","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors, alcohol abuse, and intimate partner violence among sex workers in Mongolia: implications for HIV prevention intervention development.","volume":"38","author":"SS Witte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.018234","article-title":"Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in South America.","volume":"82","author":"CT Bautista","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562016000000162","article-title":"Smoking among female sex workers: prevalence and associated variables","volume":"43","author":"LL Dev\u00f3glio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.06.001","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) types prevalence in cervical samples of female sex-workers on Cura\u00e7ao","volume":"11","author":"DJ Hooi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Preventive medicine reports."},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000386736.25296.8d","article-title":"HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C prevalence and associated risk behaviors among female sex workers in three Afghan cities","volume":"24","author":"CS Todd","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref077","first-page":"30","article-title":"Sexual activity as risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission among the female sex workers in Nagaland","volume":"136","author":"P Barua","year":"2012","journal-title":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.188325","article-title":"Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus types and cervical smear abnormalities in female sex workers in Chandigarh","volume":"34","author":"MP Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"India. Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.03.011","article-title":"Injection drug use among female sex workers in Iran: Findings from a nationwide bio-behavioural survey","volume":"44","author":"M Karamouzian","year":"2017","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9731-y","article-title":"Alcohol and Sexual Risk Behavior among Migrant Female Sex Workers and Male Workers in Districts with High In-Migration from Four High HIV Prevalence States in India","volume":"14","author":"RK Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"10\u201312","key":"pgph.0001216.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080600847852","article-title":"Comparison of sexual and drug use behaviors between female sex workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico","volume":"41","author":"TL Patterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25266","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25266","article-title":"PrEP and the syndemic of substance use, violence, and HIV among female and male sex workers: a qualitative study in Kisumu","volume":"22","author":"AR Bazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kenya. Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001216.ref083","first-page":"028934","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and tobacco use among key populations in Togo in 2017: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"AM Bitty-Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001216.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2156-8","article-title":"Adapting the Risk Environment Framework to Understand Substance Use, Gender-Based Violence, and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Female Sex Workers in Tanzania","volume":"22","author":"AM Leddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS and behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001216.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.9.920","article-title":"HIV infection and related risk behaviours among female sex workers in greater Cairo, Egypt.","volume":"18","author":"IA Kabbash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001216.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515601480","article-title":"Correlates of Mental Depression Among Female Sex Workers in Southern India.","volume":"27","author":"SK Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0268","article-title":"Prevalence and virologic profile of HIV infections among female sex workers in Goi\u00e2nia City, central Brazil","volume":"27","author":"KA Caetano","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref088","first-page":"51","article-title":"Viral hepatitis in female sex workers using the Respondent-Driven Sampling.","author":"MA de Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"REVISTA DE SAUDE PUBLICA"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001216.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1376-z","article-title":"Abriendo Puertas: Feasibility and Effectiveness a Multi-Level Intervention to Improve HIV Outcomes Among Female Sex Workers Living with HIV in the Dominican Republic","volume":"20","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS and behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.171.1.1","article-title":"Assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and risk practices among female commercial sex workers in Isla Margarita, Venezuela.","volume":"171","author":"B Munoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2010.22.5.455","article-title":"Condom access: Associations with consistent condom use among female sex workers in two northern border cities of Mexico","volume":"22","author":"FA Munoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801214528582","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Client-Perpetrated Abuse Among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-U.S. Border Cities.","volume":"20","author":"MD Ulibarri","year":"2014","journal-title":"VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref093","first-page":"613","article-title":"Social and cultural contexts of HIV risk behaviors among Thai female sex workers in Bangkok, Thailand.","volume":"25","author":"T Nemoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care\u2014Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS\/HIV"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2008.20.5.435","article-title":"HIV-related risk behaviors among female sex workers in Ho Chi Minh City","volume":"20","author":"T Nemoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vietnam. AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.6170","article-title":"Characteristics, sexual behaviour and risk factors of female, male and transgender sex workers in South Africa.","volume":"103","author":"M Richter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Samj South African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218778384","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Experiences of Partner Violence Among Female Sex Workers in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"25","author":"E Heylen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Violence against women"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.011","article-title":"High prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use and comparison of self-reported alcohol consumption to phosphatidylethanol among women engaged in sex work and their male clients in Cambodia.","volume":"165","author":"MC Couture","year":"2016","journal-title":"DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892004000800004","article-title":"Risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases in prostitutes and transvestites in Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (SP), Brazil","volume":"16","author":"AD Passos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2014048004992","article-title":"HIV risk practices by female sex workers according to workplace.","volume":"48","author":"GN Damacena","year":"2014","journal-title":"REVISTA DE SAUDE PUBLICA"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1000","article-title":"Correlates of STI symptoms among female sex workers with truck driver clients in two Mexican border towns.","volume":"12","author":"NE Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.233","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female commercial sex workers in Argentina","volume":"74","author":"MA Pando","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7553-z","article-title":"Sexual practices, sexual behavior and HIV risk profile of key populations in Nigeria.","volume":"19","author":"B Ochonye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.12927\/whp.2007.18695","article-title":"Profile of female sex workers in a Chinese county: does it differ by where they came from and where they work?","volume":"9","author":"X Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"World health & population"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330701226529","article-title":"Correlates of suicidal ideation and attempt among female sex workers in China.","volume":"28","author":"Y Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001216.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2013.869612","article-title":"Relationship between female sex workers and gatekeeper: the impact on female sex worker\u2019s mental health in China.","volume":"19","author":"C Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology, health & medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref106","first-page":"875","article-title":"Characteristics of a population of sex workers and their association with the presence of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"46","author":"MRB Dal Pogetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"REVISTA DA ESCOLA DE ENFERMAGEM DA USP"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0001216.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0196759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196759","article-title":"Depression and Post Traumatic Stress amongst female sex workers in Soweto, South Africa: A cross sectional, respondent driven sample","volume":"13","author":"J Coetzee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5965-9","article-title":"Factors in the HIV risk environment associated with bacterial vaginosis among HIV-negative female sex workers who inject drugs in the Mexico-United States border region.","volume":"18","author":"JP Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref109","first-page":"52","article-title":"Drug use and syphilis. Co-factors for HIV transmission among commercial sex workers in Guyana.","volume":"48","author":"NE Persaud","year":"1999","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001030","article-title":"War-Related Abduction and History of Incarceration Linked to High Burden of HIV Among Female Sex Workers in Conflict-Affected Northern Uganda","volume":"73","author":"SM Goldenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001216.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539509355190","article-title":"Life circumstances of women entering sex work in Nagaland, India. Asia-Pacific journal of public health \/","volume":"23","author":"KJ Bowen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0063-3","article-title":"Exploring the impact of underage sex work among female sex workers in two Mexico-US border cities","volume":"16","author":"SM Goldenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS and behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref113","first-page":"557","article-title":"Perceived barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis use and the role of syndemic factors among female sex workers in the Mexico-United States border region: a latent class analysis","volume":"32","author":"JP Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS\/HIV"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.318","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections, drug use, and risky sex among female sex workers in Guyana.","volume":"76","author":"NE Persaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001216.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000634","article-title":"Motherhood and Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Sex Workers in the Mexico-US Border Region.","volume":"44","author":"AE Servin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2013.05.003","article-title":"Alcohol use, HIV risk behavior and experience of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers of Nepal","volume":"1","author":"RA Sagtani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822008000300001","article-title":"Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men and people living with AIDS in Paraguay.","volume":"41","author":"N Aguayo","year":"2008","journal-title":"REVISTA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA TROPICAL"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1111-1","article-title":"Structural Determinants of Client Perpetrated Violence Among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-U.S.","volume":"20","author":"EE Conners","year":"2016","journal-title":"Border Cities. AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pgph.0001216.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.001","article-title":"Correlates of injection drug use among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.S. border cities","volume":"92","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903039869","article-title":"Pathways to sex-work in Nagaland, India: implications for HIV prevention and community mobilisation","volume":"22","author":"A Devine","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1517367","article-title":"Substance Use among Female Sex Workers in Two US-Mexico Border Cities: Associations with Age of Entry.","volume":"54","author":"M Salazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.997827","article-title":"Drinking reasons and alcohol problems by work venue among female sex workers in Guangxi, China.","volume":"50","author":"Y Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Substance use & misuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231726","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with psychological distress among key populations in Togo, 2017","volume":"15","author":"MK Tchankoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2260-4","article-title":"Contraceptive use, prevalence and predictors of pregnancy planning among female sex workers in Uganda: A cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"JN Bukenya","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref125","first-page":"451","article-title":"Hazardous alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems are associated with unknown and HIV-positive status in fishing communities in Uganda","volume":"31","author":"SM Kiene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids\/Hiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0129-0","article-title":"Oral health and HIV infection among female sex workers in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"15","author":"MN Nouaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC oral health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001216.ref127","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Age group differences in HIV risk and mental health problems among female sex workers in Southwest China","volume":"26","author":"S Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Care\u2014Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS\/HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2012.757317","article-title":"Alcohol and Other Drug Use, Partner Violence, and Mental Health Problems Among Female Sex Workers in Southwest China","volume":"35","author":"C Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Care for Women International"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1211240","article-title":"A pedigree-based proxy measure of genetic predisposition of drinking and alcohol use among female sex workers in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"C Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2019.10.1.002","article-title":"High hepatitis C virus infection among female sex workers in Viet Nam: strong correlation with HIV and injection drug use. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal","volume":"10","author":"L-VN Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"WPSAR"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001216.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181c6e851","article-title":"HIV prevalence and related behaviors among sex workers in Jamaica.","volume":"37","author":"J Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001216.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7","article-title":"The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"5","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref133","first-page":"135","article-title":"The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism","volume":"34","author":"J. Rehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol research & health: the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0001216.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12571","article-title":"Are alcohol policies associated with alcohol consumption in low- and middle-income countries?","volume":"109","author":"WK Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001216.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182968d39","article-title":"Client demands for unsafe sex: the socioeconomic risk environment for HIV among street and off-street sex workers","volume":"63","author":"KN Deering","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001216.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2018.1438667","article-title":"\u2019You already drank my beer, I can decide anything\u2019: using structuration theory to explore the dynamics of alcohol use, gender-based violence and HIV risk among female sex workers in Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"AM Leddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Culture Health & Sexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-014711","article-title":"Policy Approaches for Regulating Alcohol Marketing in a Global Context: A Public Health Perspective.","volume":"39","author":"MB Esser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1161815","article-title":"Reassessing policy paradigms: A comparison of the global tobacco and alcohol industries","volume":"13","author":"B Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.11.003","article-title":"A systematic review of the influence on alcohol use of community level availability and marketing of alcohol","volume":"18","author":"A Bryden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx020","article-title":"Pricing as a means of controlling alcohol consumption","volume":"123","author":"A Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12393","article-title":"Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"KM Devries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0122-5","article-title":"Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"12","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001216.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30316-X","article-title":"A social empowerment intervention to prevent intimate partner violence against women in a microfinance scheme in Tanzania: findings from the MAISHA cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"S Kapiga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref144","first-page":"18","article-title":"Declines in violence and police arrest among female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India, following a comprehensive HIV prevention programme","author":"TS Beattie","year":"2015","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001216.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318067b4fd","article-title":"The association between HIV infection and alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of African studies","volume":"34","author":"JC Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-0095-x","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"D Baliunas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.014","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of alcohol use disorders on HIV treatment outcomes, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and health care utilization","volume":"112","author":"MM Azar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001216.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0241399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241399","article-title":"Knowledge and barriers of PrEP delivery among diverse groups of potential PrEP users in Central Uganda.","volume":"15","author":"TR Muwonge","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref149","first-page":"23","article-title":"Modelling impact and cost-effectiveness of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in 13 low-resource countries","author":"C Pretorius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001216.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9589-z","article-title":"Alcohol as a correlate of unprotected sexual behavior among people living with HIV\/AIDS: review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"PA Shuper","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pgph.0001216.ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1108-9","article-title":"Alcohol Use Predicts Sexual Decision-Making: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Literature.","volume":"20","author":"LA Scott-Sheldon","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001216.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.047514","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV\/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention.","volume":"87","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted infections"},{"issue":"10072","key":"pgph.0001216.ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30403-8","article-title":"Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health","volume":"389","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4256\/mio.2010.0017","article-title":"Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations with Respondent Driven Sampling","volume":"5","author":"LG Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001216.ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","article-title":"Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations*.","volume":"44","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"pgph.0001216.ref156","article-title":"STRIVE: Tackling the Structural Drivers of HIV. Measuring alcohol-related HIV risk.","author":"K Fritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical MEdicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T17:35:55Z","timestamp":1686677755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001216"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Palash Chandra","family":"Banik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001216","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]}}}