{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T21:03:57Z","timestamp":1771103037263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006088","name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01CK000590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CK000590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 outbreaks in congregate settings remain a serious threat to the health of disproportionately affected populations such as people experiencing incarceration or homelessness, the elderly, and essential workers. An individual-based model accounting for individual infectiousness over time, staff work schedules, and testing and isolation schedules was developed to simulate community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to staff in a congregate facility and subsequent transmission within the facility that could cause an outbreak. Systematic testing strategies in which staff are tested on the first day of their workweek were found to prevent up to 16% more infections than testing strategies unrelated to staff schedules. Testing staff at the beginning of their workweek, implementing timely isolation following testing, limiting test turnaround time, and increasing test frequency in high transmission scenarios can supplement additional mitigation measures to aid outbreak prevention in congregate settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T18:28:40Z","timestamp":1673029720000},"page":"e0001302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aligning staff schedules, testing, and isolation reduces the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in carceral and other congregate settings: A simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1976-8493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas K.","family":"Skaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-4238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seth","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Fukunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref001","article-title":"Nursing home staff networks and COVID-19.","volume":"118","author":"MK Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917e2","article-title":"COVID-19 Outbreak Among Three Affiliated Homeless Service Sites\u2014King County, Washington, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"FA Tobolowsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref003","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in a San Francisco Homeless Shelter.","author":"E Imbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6887","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Residents of a Large Homeless Shelter in Boston","volume":"323","author":"TP Baggett","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917e1","article-title":"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevalence in Homeless Shelters\u2014Four U.S. Cities, March 27\u2013April 15, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"E Mosites","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919e1","article-title":"COVID-19 in Correctional and Detention Facilities\u2014United States, February-April 2020.","volume":"69","author":"M Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7013a2","article-title":"Community-Associated Outbreak of COVID-19 in a Correctional Facility\u2014Utah, September 2020-January 2021.","volume":"70","author":"NM Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6926e2","article-title":"Serial Laboratory Testing for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Incarcerated and Detained Persons in a Correctional and Detention Facility\u2014Louisiana, April\u2013May 2020.","volume":"69","author":"H Njuguna","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01965-y","article-title":"Comparison of infection control strategies to reduce COVID-19 outbreaks in homeless shelters in the United States: a simulation study.","volume":"19","author":"LAC Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref010","article-title":"Frequency of Routine Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in High-risk Healthcare Environments to Reduce Outbreaks.","author":"ET Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00134-1","article-title":"Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for airline travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: a simulation study","volume":"21","author":"MV Kiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref012","first-page":"1164","article-title":"SARS","volume":"111","author":"RL Toblin","year":"2021","journal-title":"-CoV-2 Infection Among Correctional Staff in the Federal Bureau of PrisonsAm J Public Health."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7031e2","article-title":"Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings\u2014Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021.","volume":"70","author":"CM Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref014","article-title":"Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers.","volume":"0","author":"M Bergwerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref015","article-title":"Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Prison after Vaccination","author":"L Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref016","article-title":"Interim Guidance for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Correctional and Detention Facilities.","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616438114","article-title":"Comparing nonpharmaceutical interventions for containing emerging epidemics.","volume":"114","author":"CM Peak","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd5393","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5393","article-title":"Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening","volume":"7","author":"DB Larremore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender JK, Brandl M, H\u00f6hle M, Buchholz U, Zeitlmann N. Analysis of Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic Transmission in SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak, Germany, 2020\u2014Volume 27, Number 4\u2014April 2021\u2014Emerging Infectious Diseases journal\u2014CDC. [cited 12 Jul 2021]. doi: 10.3201\/eid2704.204576","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.204576"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3221","article-title":"Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).","volume":"368","author":"R Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0869-5","article-title":"Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"X He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e039652","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039652","article-title":"Incubation period of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research","volume":"10","author":"C McAloon","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Pasco RF, Du Z, Petty M, Fox SJ, Galvani AP, et al. Impact of Social Distancing Measures on Coronavirus Disease Healthcare Demand, Central Texas, USA\u2014Volume 26, Number 10\u2014October 2020\u2014Emerging Infectious Diseases journal\u2014CDC. [cited 20 Jul 2021]. doi: 10.3201\/eid2610.201702","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201702"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa802","article-title":"Performance Characteristics of a Rapid Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antigen Detection Assay at a Public Plaza Testing Site in San Francisco","volume":"223","author":"G Pilarowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref025","article-title":"Field Performance and Public Health Response Using the BinaxNOWTM Rapid Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antigen Detection Assay During Community-Based Testing.","author":"G Pilarowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94055-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary assessment of the Abbott BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care antigen test in the context of emerging viral variants and self-administration.","volume":"11","author":"JK Frediani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30282-6","article-title":"Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England from April to November, 2020: results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey","volume":"6","author":"KB Pouwels","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref028","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref030","article-title":"triangle: Provides the Standard Distribution Functions for the Triangle Distribution","author":"R. Carnell","year":"2019"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref031","author":"TL Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Composer of Plots"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref032","article-title":"Mitigating outbreaks in congregate settings by decreasing the size of the susceptible population.","author":"S Blumberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv. 2021"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref033","first-page":"0","article-title":"Outbreaks of COVID-19 variants in US prisons: a mathematical modelling analysis of vaccination and reopening policies","author":"T Ryckman","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref034","article-title":"Frequency of surveillance testing necessary to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2.","author":"A Elbanna","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66270-9","article-title":"Dynamic contact networks of patients and MRSA spread in hospitals.","volume":"10","author":"LEC Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref036","first-page":"180","article-title":"Influenza, Varicella, and Mumps Outbreaks in US Migrant Detention Centers","volume":"325","author":"NC Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pgph.0001302.ref037","article-title":"Evaluating strategies for control of tuberculosis in prisons and prevention of spillover into communities: An observational and modeling study from Brazil.","volume":"16","author":"TS Mabud","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001302","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T18:28:57Z","timestamp":1673029737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001302"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Srinivasa Rao","family":"Mutheneni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}