{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:11:10Z","timestamp":1792649470901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience profound health and social inequities. While challenges faced by children living with disabilities and their caregivers have been widely documented, little is known about barriers faced by healthcare providers (HCPs) who serve these children. This study seeks to understand the barriers to testing, diagnosing, referral, and treatment of children living with cerebral palsy (CLWCP) from the perspectives of HCPs in Ghana. This qualitative study was conducted in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. A snowball sampling strategy was used to recruit HCPs from major hospitals, education centers, and health facilities. Data were collected through 11 semi-structured in-depth interviews (IDIs) with HCPs. Using an adapted version of the Sweat &amp; Denison socio-ecological framework (SDSF), barriers to providing healthcare to CLWCPs were organized into superstructural, structural, environmental, relational, individual, and technological levels. We found that barriers to providing healthcare to CLWCPs exist at all levels of the adapted framework. The most salient barriers were identified at the superstructural, structural, and environmental levels. All HCPs expressed frustration with Ghana\u2019s health insurance policies and inadequacies of the health systems infrastructures, such as patient assessment rooms, health information systems, and pharmaceutical products for CP care. HCPs also reported that disability-related stigma often discourages providers in training from specializing in the area of developmental disabilities. HCPs emphasized critical challenges related to local perceptions of disability, gender norms and ideologies, and health system policies and infrastructure. Findings highlight the importance of identifying multi-level factors that can influence testing, diagnosing, referral, treatment, and provision of care for CLWCPs in Ghana. Addressing identified challenges from each level of influence may improve CLWCP\u2019s experiences throughout the care continuum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T18:21:51Z","timestamp":1670610111000},"page":"e0001331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Barriers to providing healthcare to children living with cerebral palsy in Ghana: A qualitative study of healthcare provider perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-3129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Habibat A.","family":"Oguntade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-8691","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thamanna","family":"Nishath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince G.","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Papadimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5648-8744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwame S.","family":"Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0001331.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30875\/b51b2f2c-en","volume-title":"World report on disability 2011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001331.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2012.01071.x","article-title":"Psychological distress and perceived support among Jordanian parents living with a child with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"E Al-Gamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001331.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14034","article-title":"Age at referral for diagnosis and rehabilitation services for cerebral palsy: a scoping review","volume":"61","author":"Z Boychuck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001331.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3","article-title":"How common are the \"common\" neurologic disorders?","volume":"68","author":"D Hirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001331.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000345120","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral palsy in Quebec: alternative approaches","volume":"40","author":"M Oskoui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"pgph.0001331.ref006","author":"KA Donald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatric cerebral palsy in Africa: a systematic review"},{"key":"pgph.0001331.ref007","first-page":"8","article-title":"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006","volume":"109","author":"P Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001331.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.1106","article-title":"Cerebral palsy\u2014don\u2019t delay","volume":"17","author":"S McIntyre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental disabilities research reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001331.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2019.0028","article-title":"Moving Away from the \"Medical Model\": The Development and Revision of the World Health Organization\u2019s Classification of Disability","volume":"93","author":"AJ Hogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001331.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-015-9273-z","article-title":"Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease","volume":"8","author":"S. 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