{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:59:04Z","timestamp":1767178744451,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Elrha's Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) programme","award":["32398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32398"]}]},{"name":"UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"UK National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of measuring outcomes after injury beyond mortality and morbidity is increasingly recognized, though underreported in humanitarian settings. To address shortcomings of existing outcome measures in humanitarian settings, the Activity Independence Measure-Trauma (AIM-T) was developed, and is structured in three subscales (i.e., core, lower limb, and upper limb). This study aimed to assess the AIM-T construct validity (structural validity and hypothesis testing) and reliability (internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and measurement error) in four humanitarian settings (Burundi, Iraq, Cameroon and Central African Republic). Patients with acute injury (n = 195) were assessed using the AIM-T, the Barthel Index (BI), and two pain scores. Structural validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested regarding correlations with BI and pain scores using Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and differences in AIM-T scores between patients\u2019 subgroups, using standardized effect size Cohen\u2019s d (d). Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach\u2019s alpha (\u03b1). AIM-T was reassessed by a second rater in 77 participants to test inter-rater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The results showed that the AIM-T structure in three subscales had an acceptable fit. The AIM-T showed an inverse weak to moderate correlation with both pain scores (PCC&lt;0.7, p\u22640.05), positive strong correlation with BI (PCC\u22650.7, p\u22640.05), and differed between all subgroups (d\u22650.5, p\u22640.05). The inter-rater reliability in the (sub)scales was good to excellent (ICC 0.86\u20130.91) and the three subscales\u2019 internal consistency was adequate (\u03b1\u22650.7). In conclusion, this study supports the AIM-T validity in measuring independence in mobility activities and its reliability in humanitarian settings, as well as it informs on its interpretability. Thus, the AIM-T could be a valuable measure to assess outcomes after injury in humanitarian settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T13:20:46Z","timestamp":1694438446000},"page":"e0001723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing independence in mobility activities in trauma care: Validity and reliability of the Activity Independence Measure-Trauma (AIM-T) in humanitarian settings"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-4791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B\u00e9rang\u00e8re","family":"Gohy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina H.","family":"Opava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"von Schreeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6277-8713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael","family":"Van den Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-3799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aude","family":"Brus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-8027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole","family":"Fouda Mbarga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-7465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean Patrick","family":"Ouamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0606-5126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Mafuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-7589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene","family":"Mulombwe Musambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Rougeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 Grenier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3417-8937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L\u00edvia","family":"Gaspar Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Van Hulse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-2098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"Weerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The AIM-T Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-664X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nina","family":"Brodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"pgph.0001723.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref002","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD 2019 Cause and Risk summaries [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Apr 7]. http:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/results\/gbd_summaries\/2019."},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref003","unstructured":"Sphere Association. The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response [Internet]. Vol. 1, CHS Alliance, Sphere Association and Groupe URD. 2018. 402 p. www.practicalactionpublishing.org\/sphere."},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref004","unstructured":"The Economist Intelligence Unit. At breaking point Understanding the impact of musculoskeletal injuries in low- and middle-income countries. 2018; https:\/\/www.eiu.com\/graphics\/marketing\/pdf\/Injuries-in-LMICs.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0001723.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0723-6","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the quality of evidence for injury and rehabilitation interventions in humanitarian crises","volume":"60","author":"J Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i12","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043296","article-title":"Burden of injury along the development spectrum: Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"26","author":"JA Haagsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref007","unstructured":"Elrha. Research Ethics Tool [Internet]. 2017. www.elrha.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Evidence-Review-22.10.15.pdf."},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref008","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidance Note on Disability and Emergency Risk Management for Health. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2013."},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001723.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.05.018","article-title":"Medical Rehabilitation After Natural Disasters: Why, When, and How?","volume":"93","author":"FA Rathore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.12.017","article-title":"Barriers to disability-inclusive disaster management in the Solomon Islands: Perspectives of people with disability","volume":"34","author":"J King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4292-0","article-title":"Impact of Trauma System Structure on Injury Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"L Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref012","first-page":"97","article-title":"Indicators of the quality of trauma care and the performance of trauma systems","volume":"99","author":"RL Gruen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-9959-8","article-title":"Establishing the evidence base for trauma quality improvement: A collaborative WHO-IATSIC review","volume":"33","author":"CJ Juillard","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001490","article-title":"Routine inclusion of long-term functional and patient-reported outcomes into trauma registries: The FORTE project","volume":"83","author":"AJ Rios-Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxg007","article-title":"Measuring the Public Health Impact of Injuries","volume":"25","author":"M Segui-gomez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04565-8","article-title":"Functioning: The third health indicator in the health system and the key indicator for rehabilitation","volume":"53","author":"G Stucki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001723.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02211-y","article-title":"Routine incorporation of longer-term patient-reported outcomes into a Dutch trauma registry","volume":"28","author":"QMJ van der Vliet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181ca3f97","article-title":"When is a fracture healed? Radiographic and clinical criteria revisited","volume":"24","author":"BG Dijkman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001723.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.287950","article-title":"Ways to improve surgical outcomes in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"100","author":"CA Barth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. How to use the ICF\u2014A Practical Manual for using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Exposure draft for comment. Geneva; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-1002-6","article-title":"Rethinking Disability","volume":"16","author":"A Cieza","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"pgph.0001723.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/0963828031000137063","article-title":"The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A new tool for understanding disability and health","volume":"25","author":"TB \u00dcst\u00fcn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"44","key":"pgph.0001723.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410022300","article-title":"Foreword: Applying the ICF in medicine","author":"G Stucki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med Suppl"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref024","first-page":"331","article-title":"Minimum data set to measure rehabilitation needs and health outcome after major trauma: Application of an international framework","volume":"52","author":"KP Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001723.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28974","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028974","article-title":"Effect of a weekly functional independence measure scale on the recovery of patient with acute stroke: A retrospective study","volume":"101","author":"K Kawamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101537","article-title":"We must not neglect rehabilitation in Ukraine","volume":"50","author":"J Gosling","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref027","first-page":"56","article-title":"Functional Evaluation: The Barthel Index","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00013614-198604000-00007","article-title":"Advance in functional assessment for medical rehabilitation","volume":"1","author":"C V. Granger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Top Geriatr Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001723.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199909000-00006","article-title":"Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire: Validity, reliability, and responsiveness","volume":"81","author":"MF Swiontkowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"JE Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130199","article-title":"Validity of the AM-PAC \u201c6-Clicks\u201d Inpatient Daily Activity and Basic Mobility Short Forms","volume":"94","author":"DU Jette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.05.031","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function Instruments Compare Favorably With Legacy Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Upper- and Lower-Extremity Orthopaedic Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"AC Ziedas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthrosc\u2014J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7191","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v4i0.7191","article-title":"Disability and health-related rehabilitation in international disaster relief","volume":"4","author":"JD Reinhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289809166081","article-title":"Is the Barthel Scale appropriate in non-industrialized countries? A view of rural Pakistan","volume":"20","author":"SM Ali","year":"1998","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref035","unstructured":"World Confederation for Physical Therapy. WCPT report: The role of physical therapists in disaster management [Internet]. WCPT. London; 2016. https:\/\/world.physio\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/Disaster-Management-Report-201603.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970410032696","article-title":"Cross-cultural validity of Functional Independence Measure items in stroke: A study using Rasch analysis","volume":"37","author":"\u00c5 Lundgren-Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2022.11.001","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Key Sub-Saharan African Languages to Promote Diversity: A Scoping Review","volume":"34","author":"C van Zyl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Value Heal Reg Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01412-1","article-title":"A systematic review of studies measuring health-related quality of life of general injury populations: Update 2010\u20132018","volume":"18","author":"AJLM Geraerds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001723.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001334","article-title":"Monitoring independence in daily life activities after trauma in humanitarian settings: Item reduction and assessment of content validity of the Activity Independence Measure- Trauma (AIM-T)","volume":"2","author":"B Gohy","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Heal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihw039","article-title":"Early physical and functional rehabilitation of trauma patients in the M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res trauma centre in Kunduz, Afghanistan: Luxury or necessity?","volume":"8","author":"B Gohy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref041","first-page":"649","article-title":"Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity","volume":"26","author":"AC de Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref042","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Prinsen CA, Patrick D, Alonso J, Bouter LM, de Vet HC, et al. COSMIN Study Design checklist for Patient-reported outcome measurement instruments [Internet]. Amsterdam University Medical Centers. 2019. https:\/\/www.cosmin.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/COSMIN-study-designing-checklist_final.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihw035","article-title":"Emergency department care for trauma patients in settings of active conflict versus urban violence: all of the same calibre?","volume":"8","author":"P Valles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165270","article-title":"Before the bombing: High burden of traumatic injuries in Kunduz Trauma Center, Kunduz, Afghanistan","volume":"12","author":"H Hemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2005.028332","article-title":"The cape triage score: a new triage system South Africa","volume":"23","author":"SB Gottschalk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref046","unstructured":"Western Cape Government. The South African Triage Scale\u2014Training manual 2012. Cape Town; 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.12.0083","article-title":"Implementation of a triage score system in an emergency room in Timergara, Pakistan [Short communication]","volume":"3","author":"MK Dalwai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Heal Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"The NHV Rehabilitation Services Program Improves Long-Term Physical Functioning in Survivors of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake: A Longitudinal Quasi Experiment","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"LoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001723.ref049","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Motor function and activities of daily living capacity of patients with fractures sustained during the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"124","author":"J long Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001723.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.11138\/FNeur\/2017.32.4.221","article-title":"The culturally adapted Italian version of the Barthel Index (IcaBI): Assessment of structural validity, inter-rater reliability and responsiveness to clinically relevant improvements in patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation centers","volume":"32","author":"SF Castiglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001723.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036038","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036038","article-title":"Tools to assess the measurement properties of quality of life instruments: A meta-review","volume":"10","author":"S Lorente","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001723.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03548-7","article-title":"Early postoperative Barthel index score and long-term walking ability in patients with trochanteric fractures walking independently before injury: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"141","author":"T Inui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(76)90113-5","article-title":"Graphic representation of pain","volume":"2","author":"J Scott","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00314-1","article-title":"The Faces Pain Scale\u2014Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement","volume":"93","author":"CL Hicks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref055","article-title":"Assessment of the face validity of two pain scales in Kenya: A validation study using cognitive interviewing","volume":"11","author":"KT Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1184","key":"pgph.0001723.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Arabic Version of the Faces Pain Scale-Revised: Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Properties When Used with Children and Adolescents","volume":"8","author":"J Finianos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001723.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001236","article-title":"Comparison of the psychometric properties of 3 pain scales used in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"159","author":"S Le May","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref058","first-page":"73","article-title":"Comparison of visual analogue scale and faces rating scale in measuring acute postoperative pain","volume":"12","author":"L Fadaizadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198803000-00010","article-title":"An inter-rater reliability study of the barthel index","volume":"11","author":"CW Roy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","article-title":"Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires","volume":"60","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.06.025","article-title":"Evaluation of a preliminary physical function item bank supported the expected advantages of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)","volume":"61","author":"M Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1798-3","article-title":"COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"27","author":"CAC Prinsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04","article-title":"Psychometric Evaluation and Calibration of Health-Related Quality of Life Item Banks","volume":"45","author":"BB Reeve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e038707","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038707","article-title":"Prognostic factors for recovery of health status after injury: A prospective multicentre cohort study","volume":"11","author":"L De Munter","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001723.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000924","article-title":"Longitudinal Validation of the PROMIS Physical Function Item Bank in Upper Extremity Trauma","volume":"31","author":"AJ Kaat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001723.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113467","article-title":"Association between the number of injuries sustained and 12-month disability outcomes: Evidence from the injury-VIBES study","volume":"9","author":"BJ Gabbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2021.08.693","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes after Pediatric Injury: Results of the Assessment of Functional Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Trauma Study","volume":"233","author":"RS Burd","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519828152","article-title":"The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment: a study of the reliability, construct validity and responsiveness in patients sustaining trauma","volume":"33","author":"MW de Graaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref069","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1057\/jt.2009.5","article-title":"The correlation coefficient: Its values range between +1\/-1, or do they?","volume":"17","author":"B. Ratner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Targeting, Meas Anal Mark"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001723.ref071","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Factors influencing outcome after orthopedic trauma","volume":"64","author":"J Ponsford","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001723.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002017","article-title":"Association of pain after trauma with long-term functional and mental health outcomes","volume":"85","author":"JP Herrera-escobar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref073","unstructured":"de Vet HC, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL. Measurement in Medicine. Cambridge University Press, editor. Cambridge; 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"8476","key":"pgph.0001723.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0001723.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1814429","article-title":"A comparison of test\u2013retest reliability and random measurement error of the Barthel Index and modified Barthel Index in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"44","author":"CM Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"69","key":"pgph.0001723.ref077","article-title":"The expansion and validation of a new upper extremity item bank for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)","volume":"3","author":"AJ Kaat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Patient-Reported Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref078","first-page":"413","article-title":"Assessment of unidimensionality of physical functioning in patients receiving therapy in acute orthopedic outpatient centers","volume":"4","author":"DL Hart","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Outcome Meas"},{"issue":"52","key":"pgph.0001723.ref079","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparing the Functional Independence Measure and the interRAI \/ MDS for use in the functional assessment of older adults: a review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"C Glenny","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/003655099444704","article-title":"Construct validity of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM): questioning the unidimensionality of the scale and the \u201cvalue\u201d of FIM scores","volume":"31","author":"JF Ravaud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0001723.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.005","article-title":"A Factor Analysis of Functional Independence and Functional Assessment Measure Scores Among Focal and Diffuse Brain Injury Patients: The Importance of Bifactor Models","volume":"99","author":"S Gunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/24.5.393","article-title":"The Barthel ADL Index: Factor Structure depends upon the Category of Patient","volume":"24","author":"K Laake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001723.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy098","article-title":"Structural validity of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment in patients with injuries","volume":"98","author":"MW De Graaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4138","article-title":"A Multidimensional Rasch Analysis of the Functional Independence Measure Based on the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation","volume":"33","author":"CR Pretz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0001723.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.014","article-title":"Upper-extremity and mobility subdomains from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) adult physical functioning item bank","volume":"94","author":"RD Hays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001723.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060121","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the AM-PAC-CAT in outpatient rehabilitation settings","volume":"87","author":"AM Jette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001723.ref087","first-page":"371","article-title":"The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): Scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application","volume":"79","author":"JM Binkley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.03.017","article-title":"Responsiveness of the PROMIS physical function measure in orthopaedic trauma patients","volume":"53","author":"A Sepehri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0001723.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90119-U","article-title":"A validation of the Functional Independence Measurement and its performance among rehabilitation inpatients","volume":"74","author":"TA Dodds","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"24","key":"pgph.0001723.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012604","article-title":"An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation of leg-threatening injuries","volume":"347","author":"MJ Bosse","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/003655000750045604","article-title":"Adaptation of the modified Barthel Index for use in physical medicine and rehabilitation in Turkey","volume":"32","author":"AA Kucukdeveci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199511000-00007","article-title":"ADL structure for stroke patients in Japan based on the Functional Independence Measure","volume":"74","author":"T Tsuji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101895","article-title":"Cross-cultural validity of FIM in spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"G Lawton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001723.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199712000-00014","article-title":"Measuring functional outcomes in work-related upper extremity disorders: Development and validation of the upper extremity function scale","volume":"39","author":"G Pransky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6165","article-title":"Measurement Properties of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"SP Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"pgph.0001723.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000103520.43902.6c","article-title":"Activity outcome measurement for postacute care","volume":"42","author":"SM Haley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0001723.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90184-7","article-title":"The reliability of the functional independence measure: A quantitative review","volume":"77","author":"KJ Ottenbacher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0001723.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1036173","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of the Persian version of the Functional Independence Measure for patients with stroke","volume":"38","author":"S Naghdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0001723.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05428-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained by Civilians and Local Combatants in Contemporary Armed Conflict: An Appeal for a Shared Trauma Registry Among Humanitarian Actors","volume":"44","author":"H Wild","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.02.004","article-title":"Fifty years on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain-intensity is still good for acute pain. But multidimensional assessment is needed for chronic pain","volume":"11","author":"H. Breivik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0001723.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1053\/bean.2002.0259","article-title":"How to implement an acute pain service","volume":"16","author":"H. Breivik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S342627","article-title":"Pain Management Strategies After Orthopaedic Trauma: A Mixed-Methods Study with a View to Optimizing Practices","volume":"15","author":"S Grzelak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical therapy needs for patients with physical function injuries post \u2010 earthquake disasters: A systematic review of Chinese and Western literature","volume":"23","author":"H Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"September","key":"pgph.0001723.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using Effect Size\u2014or Why the P Value Is Not Enough","author":"GM Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0001723.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02640-0","article-title":"Development and assessment of a verbal response scale for the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) in a low-literacy, non-western population","volume":"30","author":"A Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0001723.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0012","article-title":"Original experimental The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS-R measure?","volume":"18","author":"ISK Thong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0001723.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0844","article-title":"Strategies for assessment and outcome measurement in physical and rehabilitation medicine: An educational review","volume":"43","author":"AA K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckdeveci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref108","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHA76.6 Strengthening rehabilitation in health systems. 2023."},{"key":"pgph.0001723.ref109","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global report on health data systems and capacity, 2020. Geneva; 2020."},{"issue":"232","key":"pgph.0001723.ref110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health information systems in developing countries: case of African countries","volume":"21","author":"AP Koumamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002953","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T13:22:03Z","timestamp":1694438523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001723"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vinay Nair","family":"Kampalath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001723","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}