{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:52:23Z","timestamp":1787165543891,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005404","name":"Arbejdstilsynet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15-2019-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-2019-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the 1970s, most western countries have experienced an increase in jobs characterized by temporary employment working arrangements. Research links temporary employment to negative health outcomes. Yet, no study has analysed the effects on the mental health of workers in involuntary temporary employment. This study analyses the consequences of involuntary temporary employment for mental health. We distinguish between different lengths of exposure to involuntary temporary employment and assess the effects separately for women and men. We use a cohort design that combines data from the Danish version of the longitudinal European Labour Force Survey with administrative data about use of prescription drugs for anxiety and stress. Using a fixed effects approach, we identify the effects of involuntary full-time temporary employment on mental health over time. To further investigate causal effects, we also compare the outcomes of workers in involuntary full-time temporary employment with a control group that consists of workers who become employed in involuntarily full-time temporary job at a later point of time. For women in involuntary full-time temporary employment (for six quarters or more) the results show a deterioration in mental health as indicated by a 12.8 percentage point increase in drug use. Involuntary full-time temporary employment for one quarter results in a decrease in drug use by 1.1 percentage points, but no lasting effects. For men, we find no mental health consequences of involuntary full-time temporary employment. We conclude that involuntary full-time temporary employment for six quarters or more is likely to be harmful for women\u2019s mental health, while shorter periods of involuntary full-time temporary employment may have a minor positive impact. The implications suggest that it is advisable for labour market policy to make it easy for those in involuntary temporary employment to find permanent jobs, and that policy makers should consider adverse mental health problems when addressing policies affecting the prevalence of temporary employment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T13:28:20Z","timestamp":1701350900000},"page":"e0002634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Involuntary temporary work and mental health medications: A longitudinal study in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0497-3312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karsten","family":"Alb\u00e6k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan Bastholm","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref001","volume-title":"Good jobs, bad jobs: The rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s-2000s.","author":"AL Kalleberg","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0002634.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2019.5.4.01","article-title":"Declining job quality in the United States: explanations and evidence.","volume":"5","author":"DR Howell","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSF: Russell Sage Found J Soc Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0002634.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1697-y","article-title":"The effects of unemployment and insecure jobs on well-Being and health: the moderating role of labor market policies","volume":"138","author":"J Vo\u00dfemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0002634.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400206","article-title":"Is job insecurity harmful to health?","volume":"94","author":"JE Ferrie","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0002634.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.3.242","article-title":"No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences.","volume":"7","author":"M Sverke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi024","article-title":"Temporary employment and health: a review.","author":"M Virtanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0002634.ref007","first-page":"94","article-title":"Fixed-term employment and job insecurity (JI) as risk factors for mental mealth. A Review of International Study Results.","volume":"5","author":"L Huenefeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"E-Journal Int Comp Labour Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0002634.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106568","article-title":"Is casual employment in Australia bad for workers\u2019 health?","volume":"78","author":"MH Hahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0002634.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu093","article-title":"Employment arrangements and mental health in a cohort of working Australians: are transitions from permanent to temporary employment associated with changes in mental health?","volume":"179","author":"AD Lamontagne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0002634.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00400-3","article-title":"The impact of atypical employment on individual wellbeing: evidence from a panel of British workers","volume":"58","author":"E Bardasi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.03.008","article-title":"The impact of precarious employment on mental health: the case of Italy","volume":"158","author":"F Moscone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med [Internet]."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0002634.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.008","article-title":"Temporary work and depressive symptoms: a propensity score analysis.","volume":"70","author":"A Quesnel-Vall\u00e9e","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0002634.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913920971333","article-title":"Differences in the impact of precarious employment on health across population subgroups: a scoping review.","volume":"141","author":"BJ Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0002634.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170604","article-title":"Family labor supply responses to severe health shocks: evidence from Danish administrative records","volume":"13","author":"I Fadlon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Econ J Appl Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0002634.ref015","first-page":"213","article-title":"Who is screened out? Application costs and the targeting of disability programs","volume":"11","author":"M Deshpande","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0002634.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2307\/2971733","article-title":"Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator: evidence from evaluating a job training programme","volume":"64","author":"JJ Heckman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stud."},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref017","volume-title":"The emergence of new forms of work and their implications for labour relations.","author":"OECD","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0002634.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171092","article-title":"The role of unemployment in the rise in alternative work arrangements.","volume":"107","author":"LF Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev."},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref019","volume-title":"Harvard University Press","author":"D. Weil","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0002634.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcp020","article-title":"Flexible employment and inequality in Europe","volume":"25","author":"P. Barbieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Sociol Rev"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.341","article-title":"Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work.","volume":"26","author":"AL Kalleberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref022","first-page":"73","volume-title":"The Danish Welfare State A Sociological Investigation.","author":"SB Andrade","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0002634.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2011.11.002","article-title":"Welfare states, flexible employment, and health: A critical review.","volume":"104","author":"IH Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Policy (New York) [Internet]."},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref024","first-page":"1750","article-title":"Worker Flows and Job Flows in Danish Manufacturing, 1980\u201391","author":"K Alb\u00e6k","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econ J"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.17848\/9781417505333.Ch6","volume-title":"Losing Work, Moving On International Perspectives on Worker Displacement.","author":"K Alb\u00e6k","year":"2002"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref026","volume-title":"The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism","author":"G. Esping-Andersen","year":"1990"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref027","first-page":"2005","article-title":"Towards Common Principles of Flexicurity.","author":"European Commission.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commission of the Europan Communities, Brussels."},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400101","article-title":"Precarious work, insecure workers: employment relations in transition. Presidential Address to the American Sociological Association.","volume":"74","author":"AL Kalleberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev."},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500","article-title":"Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health.","volume":"35","author":"J Benach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.04.001","article-title":"Is temporary employment a cause or consequence of poor mental health? A panel data analysis.","volume":"134","author":"C Dawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med [Internet]."},{"key":"pgph.0002634.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.11.033","article-title":"Is temporary employment damaging to health? A longitudinal study on Italian workers.","volume":"124","author":"E Pirani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0002634.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12316","article-title":"The unintended consequences of flexicurity: the health consequences of flexible employment.","volume":"64","author":"KA Bender","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Income Wealth"},{"issue":"September","key":"pgph.0002634.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.09.059","article-title":"The effect of job loss on pharmaceutical prescriptions.","volume":"217","author":"L Rocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med [Internet]."}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002634","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1701350926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002634"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"De Moortel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}}}