{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:58:38Z","timestamp":1779145118963,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut NationalAustralian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["1195716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1195716"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2009050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia in young children which can lead to long-term health consequences such as reduced immunity, impaired cognitive development, and school performance. As children experience rapid growth, they require a greater supply of iron from iron-rich foods to support their development. In addition to the low consumption of iron-rich foods in low- and lower-middle-income countries, there are also regional and socio-economic disparities. This study aimed to assess contributing factors of wealth-related inequality and geographic variations in animal sources of iron-rich food consumption among children aged 6\u201323 months in Ethiopia. We used data from the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Surveys (EMDHS) 2019, a national survey conducted using stratified sampling techniques. A total of 1,461 children of age 6\u201323 months were included in the study. Iron-rich animal sources of food consumption were regarded when parents\/caregivers reported that a child took at least one of the four food items identified as iron-rich food: 1) eggs, 2) meat (beef, lamb, goat, or chicken), 3) fresh or dried fish or shellfish, and 4) organs meat such as heart or liver. Concentration indices and curves were used to assess wealth-related inequalities. A Wagstaff decomposition analysis was applied to identify the contributing factors for wealth-related inequality of iron-rich animal source foods consumption. We estimated the elasticity of wealth-related inequality for a percentage change in socioeconomic variables. A spatial analysis was then used to map the significant cluster areas of iron-rich animal source food consumption among children in Ethiopia. The proportion of children who were given iron-rich animal-source foods in Ethiopia is 24.2% (95% CI: 22.1%, 26.5%), with figures ranging from 0.3% in Dire Dawa to 37.8% in the Oromia region. Children in poor households disproportionately consume less iron-rich animal-source foods than those in wealthy households, leading to a pro-rich wealth concentration index (C) = 0.25 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.37). The decomposition model explained approximately 70% of the estimated socio-economic inequality. About 21% of the wealth-related inequalities in iron-rich animal source food consumption in children can be explained by having primary or above education status of women. Mother\u2019s antenatal care (ANC) visits (14.6%), living in the large central and metropolitan regions (12%), household wealth index (10%), and being in the older age group (12\u201323 months) (2.4%) also contribute to the wealth-related inequalities. Regions such as Afar, Eastern parts of Amhara, and Somali were geographic clusters with low iron-rich animal source food consumption. There is a low level of iron-rich animal source food consumption among children, and it is disproportionately concentrated in the rich households (pro-rich distribution) in Ethiopia. Maternal educational status, having ANC visits, children being in the older age group (12\u201323 months), and living in large central and metropolitan regions were significant contributors to these wealth-related inequalities in iron-rich animal source foods consumption. Certain parts of Ethiopia such as, Afar, Eastern parts of Amhara, and Somali should be considered priority areas for nutritional interventions to increase children\u2019s iron-rich animal source foods consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T17:37:46Z","timestamp":1715881066000},"page":"e0003217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Socio-economic and spatial inequalities in animal sources of iron-rich foods consumption among children 6\u201323 months old in Ethiopia: A decomposition analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5724-6234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Belay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molla M.","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melaku Birhanu","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehari Woldemariam","family":"Merid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-8151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gizachew A.","family":"Tessema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003217.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005851","article-title":"Risk factors for iron-deficiency anaemia among pregnant women living in rural Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"R. Aikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public health nutrition"},{"key":"pgph.0003217.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Prevalence of anaemia in children aged 6\u201359 months (%), https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/indicator-metadata-registry\/imr-details\/4801. 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003217.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and mineral nutrition information system, 1993\u20132005","volume":"12","author":"E. McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public health nutrition"},{"key":"pgph.0003217.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00635-8","article-title":"Spatial distribution of iron rich foods consumption and its associated factors among children aged 6\u201323 months in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey","volume":"19","author":"S.A. 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