{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:11:22Z","timestamp":1792192282576,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Workplace violence (WPV) impacts all levels of the health workforce, including the individual provider, organization, and society. While there is a substantial body of literature on various aspects of WPV against the health workforce, gender-based WPV (GB-WPV) has received less attention. Violence in both the workplace and broader society is rooted in gendered socio-economic, cultural, and institutional factors. Developing a robust understanding of GB-WPV is crucial to explore the differing experiences, responses, and outcomes of GB-WPV with respect to gender. We conducted a scoping review and report on the prevalence and risk factors of GB-WPV in healthcare settings globally. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We registered the scoping review protocol on the Open Science Framework on January 14, 2022, at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/t4pfb\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/osf.io\/t4pfb\/<\/jats:ext-link>. A systematic search was conducted of empirical literature in five health and social science databases. Of 13667, 226 studies were included in the analysis. Across the studies, more women than men experienced non-physical violence, including verbal abuse, sexual harassment, and bullying. Men experienced more physical violence compared to women. Younger age, less experience, shifting duties, specific clinical settings, lower professional status, organizational hierarchy, and minority status were found to be sensitive to gender, reflecting women\u2019s structural disadvantages in the workplace. Given the high prevalence and impact of GB-WPV on women, we provided recommendations to address systemic issues in clinical practice, academia, policy, and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T18:39:23Z","timestamp":1719945563000},"page":"e0003336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A gender-based review of workplace violence amongst the global health workforce\u2014A scoping review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sioban","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-3048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Basnama","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5018-4280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9159-4152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Graham","family":"Dozois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref001","volume-title":"Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030 [Internet]","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3546","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3546","article-title":"Violence against female health workers is tip of iceberg of gender power imbalances","author":"AS George","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref003","article-title":"Framework Guidelines for Addressing Workplace Violence in the Health Sector","author":"International Labour Office, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, Public Services International","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003336.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"76","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873936","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873936","article-title":"Gender Differences for the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Workplace Violence Among Healthcare Professionals in Shandong, China.","volume":"10","author":"L Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12394","article-title":"Equality through Innovation: Promoting Women in the Workplace in Low- and Middle-Income Countries with Health Information Technology.","volume":"76","author":"YM Asi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-9-19","article-title":"Workplace violence and gender discrimination in Rwanda\u2019s health workforce: Increasing safety and gender equality.","volume":"9","author":"CJ Newman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2017.04.003","article-title":"Workplace violence against emergency nurses in Taiwan: A phenomenographic study.","volume":"65","author":"CY Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2012.01402.x","article-title":"Strengthening communication to overcome lateral violence.","volume":"20","author":"DJ Ceravolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006719","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006719","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses in Chinese hospitals: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"5","author":"M Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref011","first-page":"344","article-title":"Workplace violence against resident doctors in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi.","volume":"29","author":"T Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03117.x","article-title":"A national survey of general practitioners\u2019 experiences of patient-initiated aggression in Australia.","volume":"194","author":"LE Forrest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003336.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqw073","article-title":"Workplace violence against medical staff in healthcare facilities in Barbados.","volume":"66","author":"M Abed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Med.Oct"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.47203\/IJCH.2022.v34i04.004","article-title":"Are Health Caregivers safe from workplace violence? A cross sectional study on workplace safety from Tertiary Care Hospital of Uttarakhand.","volume":"34","author":"S Vyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Community Health."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref015","volume-title":"WHO | Delivered by Women, Led by Men: A Gender and Equity Analysis of the Global Health and Social Workforce [Internet].","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref016","article-title":"Gender-based violence in the world of work: Overview and selected annotated bibliography.","author":"A Cruz","year":"2011"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref017","unstructured":"UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against women [Internet]. Refworld. 1992 [cited 2023 May 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/52d920c54.html"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Workplace violence in the health sector: Country case studies: Synthesis report [Internet].","author":"V. di Martino","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.013120","article-title":"Prevalence of gender-based and sexual harassment within orthopedic surgery","volume":"65","author":"V Giglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Canada. Can J Surg J Can Chir"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8553","article-title":"Incidence and Group Comparisons of Harassment Based on Gender, LGBTQ+ Identity, and Race at an Academic Medical Center.","volume":"30","author":"EA Vargas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health 2002"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref021","first-page":"92","volume":"62","author":"M Nukala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sexual Harassment in Vascular Surgery Training Programs. Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref022","volume-title":"JBI Reviewer\u2019s Manual [Internet]","author":"Joanna Briggs Institute.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews.","volume":"18","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework.","volume":"8","author":"O Arksey H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology.","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci IS.Sep 20"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003336.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation.","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1090","article-title":"Workplace violence in primary hospitals and associated risk factors: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"9","author":"H Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref028","first-page":"212","article-title":"Bullying in UK cardiology: a systemic problem requiring systemic solutions","volume":"108","author":"CF Camm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Br Card Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-022-00736-x","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors for workplace violence among general practitioners in China: a national cross-sectional study.","volume":"20","author":"J Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787221","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.787221","article-title":"Workplace Violence Against Doctors in Bangladesh: A Content Analysis.","volume":"12","author":"SB Kader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.04.008","article-title":"Workplace violence among healthcare workers, a multicenter study in Italy.","volume":"208","author":"G La Torre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.01.123","article-title":"Bullying of vascular surgery trainees","volume":"75","author":"JP Orlino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08116-w","article-title":"The association between stress attributed to information systems and the experience of workplace aggression: a cross-sectional survey study among Finnish physicians.","volume":"22","author":"H Urnberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bmc Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmac024","article-title":"The occurrence and consequences of violence against healthcare workers in Turkey: before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"39","author":"G Ozdamar Unal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref035","first-page":"e24142","article-title":"Prevalence of Aggressive Behavior Toward Fellows, Residents, and Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","volume":"14","author":"F Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12878","article-title":"Measures and narratives of the nature, causes and consequences of violent assaults and risk perception of psychiatric hospitals in Ghana: Mental Health workers\u2019 perspectives.","volume":"30","author":"RA Atinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2210768","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.10768","article-title":"Mistreatment Experiences, Protective Workplace Systems, and Occupational Distress in Physicians.","volume":"5","author":"SG Rowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jama Netw Open"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref038","first-page":"18","article-title":"Tough Love Lessons: Lateral Violence among Hospital Nurses.","author":"MJ Vidal-Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001459","article-title":"Preparing Residents to Respond to Incidences of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment: An Interactive Workshop.","volume":"115","author":"AH Farkas","year":"2022","journal-title":"South Med J."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005","article-title":"Prevalence and Effect of Workplace Violence against Emergency Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study.","volume":"12","author":"BK Kibunja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf Health Work."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1732284","article-title":"Workplace Violence in Emergency Departments in Turkey.","volume":"11","author":"M Sabak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0003336.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2121706","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.21706","article-title":"Prevalence of Discrimination, Abuse, and Harassment in Emergency Medicine Residency Training in the US","volume":"4","author":"MD Lall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00578-3","article-title":"Which nurses are victims of bullying: the role of negative affect, core self-evaluations, role conflict and bullying in the nursing staff.","volume":"20","author":"A Homayuni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmc Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrab050","article-title":"Discrimination in the surgical discipline: an international European evaluation (DISDAIN).","volume":"5","author":"M Holzgang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bjs Open."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106517","article-title":"Mistreatment, discrimination and burn-out in Neurosurgery.","volume":"202","author":"PS Gadjradj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02574","article-title":"Incidence, Nature, and Consequences of Oncologists\u2019 Experiences With Sexual Harassment.","volume":"40","author":"IM Subbiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_392_21","article-title":"Workplace bullying in surgical environments in Saudi Arabia: A multiregional cross-sectional study.","volume":"29","author":"HM Albuainain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fam Community Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2114749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.14749","article-title":"Analysis of Career Stage, Gender, and Personality and Workplace Violence in a 20-Year Nationwide Cohort of Physicians in Norway.","volume":"4","author":"ST Noland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13419","article-title":"Comparative analysis of sexual harassment between male and female nurses: A cross-sectional study in Greece.","volume":"30","author":"P. Papantoniou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916385","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.916385","article-title":"A National Cross-Sectional Survey of Bullying in Syrian Graduate Medical Education.","volume":"10","author":"S Swed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1228395","article-title":"Patient aggression towards different professional groups of healthcare workers","volume":"24","author":"K Kowalczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med AAEM"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e049520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049520","article-title":"Prevalence and forms of gender discrimination and sexual harassment among medical students and physicians in French-speaking Switzerland: a survey","volume":"12","author":"I Najjar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.10.006","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual harassment and sexual assault from patient to provider among women in dermatology and across specialties.","volume":"7","author":"E Notaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref054","first-page":"942","volume":"156","author":"CJR Schlick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experiences of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Among Residents in General Surgery Programs Across the US. JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12792","article-title":"The moderating role of social support on workplace violence and stress among psychiatric nurses.","volume":"57","author":"G Shahrour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Forum (Auckl)."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604912","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604912","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Department Nurses in China.","volume":"67","author":"Z Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2022.103323","article-title":"Violence experienced by undergraduate nursing students during clinical placements: An online survey at a Scottish University.","volume":"61","author":"EJ Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref058","first-page":"315","article-title":"Experiences of workplace bullying among academics in a health sciences faculty at a South African university.","volume":"111","author":"DN Conco","year":"2021","journal-title":"South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref059","article-title":"The Majority of Black Orthopaedic Surgeons Report Experiencing Racial Microaggressions During Their Residency Training.","author":"JT Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Orthop [Internet]."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-021-05027-0","article-title":"Gender and career in cardiology-a cross-sectional study.","volume":"46","author":"S Dettmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref061","first-page":"211","article-title":"Violence and unsafety in Italian hospitals: Experience and perceptions of nursing students.","volume":"73","author":"P Ferrara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Work Read Mass"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003336.ref062","first-page":"988","article-title":"Violence in emergency service: The situation of general surgeons in Turkey.","volume":"28","author":"B Guney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acilde Siddet Turk Genel Cerrahlarin Durumu"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.10.015","article-title":"A multi-institutional study of patient-derived gender-based discrimination experienced by resident physicians.","volume":"221","author":"AA Pendleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10630","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10630","article-title":"The pandemic of workplace violence: the gendered experience of emergency medicine trainees.","volume":"5","author":"C Snavely","year":"2021","journal-title":"AEM Educ Train"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref065","first-page":"11096","article-title":"Tools for Responding to Patient-Initiated Verbal Sexual Harassment: A Workshop for Trainees and Faculty.","volume":"17","author":"LE Hock","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL J Teach Learn Resour."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2022.04.001","article-title":"Sexual Harassment Prevalence Among OBGYN Trainees and Cultural Climate of their Training Programs: Result From a Nationwide Survey.","volume":"79","author":"K Menhaji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Surg Educ."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref067","article-title":"Experiences and Perceptions of Racism and Sexism Among Alberta Physicians: Quantitative Results and Framework Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Survey.","author":"SM Ruzycki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31822fc7aa","article-title":"Stalking by Patients: Doctors\u2019 Experiences in a Canadian Urban Area.","volume":"199","author":"KM Abrams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHRH-07-2018-0049","article-title":"Workplace violence against physicians and medical students in west part of Iran.","volume":"12","author":"A Afkhamzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hum Rights Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref070","article-title":"Violence against physicians in Jordan: An analytical cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"R Alhamad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos One [Internet]."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12574","article-title":"Workplace violence against emergency department nurses in Oman: a cross-sectional multi-institutional study.","volume":"67","author":"SA Al-Maskari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_45_17","article-title":"Are nurses verbally abused? A cross-sectional study of nurses at a university hospital, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.","volume":"24","author":"NA Al-Shamlan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fam Community Med"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S265127","article-title":"Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Its Associated Factors at a Multi-Regional Saudi Arabian Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.","volume":"13","author":"K Al-Surimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/000313482008600130","article-title":"Sexual Harassment during Residency Training: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.","volume":"86","author":"LF Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"24","key":"pgph.0003336.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1097","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00822","article-title":"Harassment, Discrimination, and Bullying in Orthopaedics: A Work Environment and Culture Survey.","volume":"28","author":"J Balch Samora","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013568","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013568","article-title":"Workplace violence against physicians in Turkey\u2019s emergency departments: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"B Bayram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-5-27","article-title":"Violence toward physicians in emergency departments of Morocco: prevalence, predictive factors, and psychological impact.","volume":"5","author":"J Belayachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol Lond Engl"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref078","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward an understanding of sexual harassment in neurosurgery","author":"DL Benzil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3533","article-title":"Gender-Based Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Among Academic Internal Medicine Hospitalists.","volume":"16","author":"S Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.43","article-title":"Sources, incidence and effects of non-physical workplace violence against nurses in Ghana.","volume":"3","author":"IM Boafo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.03.004","article-title":"Workplace Harassment and Discrimination in Gynecology: Results of the AAGL Member Survey.","volume":"26","author":"J Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0003336.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.02.054","article-title":"Sexual Harassment in Radiology.","volume":"14","author":"A Camargo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol JACR."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-245","article-title":"Workplace violence in a large correctional health service in New South Wales, Australia: a retrospective review of incident management records.","volume":"12","author":"AW Cashmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bmc Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref084","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Occupational Violence against Brazilian Nurses.","volume":"47","author":"AL Cavalcanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.07.009","article-title":"Sexual Harassment and Cardiothoracic Surgery: #UsToo?","volume":"109","author":"DP Ceppa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"issue":"13","key":"pgph.0003336.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134746","article-title":"Sexual Harassment Experiences, Knowledge, and Coping Behaviors of Nursing Students in Taiwan During Clinical Practicum.","volume":"17","author":"TS Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018766","article-title":"Prevalence, causes and mental health impact of workplace bullying in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit environment.","volume":"8","author":"I Chatziioannidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007994","article-title":"A Report of Gender Bias and Sexual Harassment in Current Plastic Surgery Training: A National Survey","volume":"147","author":"W Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.01.003","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of workplace violence against nurses in a Chinese top-level teaching hospital: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"40","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res ANR"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0003336.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035957","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035957","article-title":"How do aggression source, employee characteristics and organisational response impact the relationship between workplace aggression and work and health outcomes in healthcare employees? A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health Service staff survey in England.","volume":"10","author":"S Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4112-3","article-title":"Workplace violence towards nurses in Hong Kong: prevalence and correlates.","volume":"17","author":"T Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref092","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Workplace verbal abuse, nurse-reported quality of care and patient safety outcomes among early-career hospital nurses.","volume":"28","author":"H Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.12.005","article-title":"Bullying and Sexual Discrimination in the Greek Health Care System.","volume":"74","author":"P Chrysafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003336.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.13363","article-title":"Prevalence of bullying, discrimination and sexual harassment in surgery","volume":"85","author":"W Crebbin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australasia. Anz J Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-11-88","article-title":"Family medicine graduates\u2019 perceptions of intimidation, harassment, and discrimination during residency training.","volume":"11","author":"RA Crutcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bmc Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1590\/S0080-623420150000300014","article-title":"Violence, burnout and minor psychiatric disorders in hospital work.","volume":"49","author":"D Dal Pai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref097","first-page":"1882","article-title":"Violence toward chronic pain care providers: A national survey","volume":"16","author":"K David","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med Malden Mass"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-21002012000900007","article-title":"Violence in daily hospital nursing work.","volume":"25","author":"IRR de Vasconcellos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paul Enferm"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pgph.0003336.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516683175","article-title":"Factors and Characteristics of Workplace Violence Against Nurses: A Study in Iran.","volume":"35","author":"S Dehghan-Chaloshtari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen18X101604","article-title":"Aggression towards the GP: can we profile the GP-victim? A cross-section survey among GPs","volume":"2","author":"V Demeur","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12479","article-title":"The incidence and outcomes of nurse bullying in the Russian Federation.","volume":"66","author":"RL Difazio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz018","article-title":"Sex and Gender Role Differences in Occupational Exposures and Work Outcomes Among Registered Nurses in Correctional Settings.","volume":"63","author":"M El Ghaziri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12373","article-title":"Violence in general practice: a gendered risk?","volume":"38","author":"MA Elston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.04.009","article-title":"Perception of gender discrimination among spine surgeons across Latin America: A web-based survey.","volume":"22","author":"A Falavigna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S114870","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"9","author":"P Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2020.02.013","article-title":"VIOLENCE AGAINST NURSES IN THE TRIAGE AREA: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY.","volume":"46","author":"P Ferri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481908500519","article-title":"Screening for Harassment, Abuse, and Discrimination among Surgery Residents: An EAST Multicenter Trial.","volume":"85","author":"CA Fitzgerald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2013.134","article-title":"Prevalence of harassment and discrimination among residents in three training hospitals in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"33","author":"N Fnais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003295","article-title":"Understanding the Barriers to Reporting Sexual Harassment in Surgical Training","volume":"271","author":"MR Freedman-Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.976","article-title":"Risk factors of workplace violence at hospitals in Japan.","volume":"7","author":"S Fujita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-015-0062-1","article-title":"High prevalence of workplace violence among nurses working at public health facilities in Southern Ethiopia.","volume":"14","author":"M Fute","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bmc Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003336.ref112","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Workplace violence among health-care workers in emergency departments of public hospitals in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.","volume":"26","author":"M Harthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J Rev Sante Mediterr Orient Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1071\/AH16003","article-title":"Differences in risk and protective factors for workplace aggression between male and female clinical medical practitioners in Australia.","volume":"41","author":"DJ Hills","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev Publ Aust Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10444","article-title":"A national study of workplace aggression in Australian clinical medical practice.","volume":"197","author":"DJ Hills","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.15171\/ijoem.2019.1556","article-title":"Violence against Nurses: A Neglected and Health-threatening Epidemic in the University Affiliated Public Hospitals in Shiraz, Iran.","volume":"10","author":"B Honarvar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref116","first-page":"e13508","article-title":"Sexual Harassment Experiences Across the Academic Medicine Hierarchy.","volume":"13","author":"CJ Hsiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"18","key":"pgph.0003336.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1903759","article-title":"Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training","volume":"381","author":"YY Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref118","first-page":"895","article-title":"Sexism experienced by consultant cardiologists in the United Kingdom","volume":"107","author":"SK Jaijee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Br Card Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13487","article-title":"Gender differences in Australasian ophthalmologists\u2019 experiences of the workplace","volume":"47","author":"NS Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2016.07.014","article-title":"Workplace aggression, psychological distress, and job satisfaction among Palestinian nurses: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"32","author":"Y Jaradat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003336.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.02.023","article-title":"Bullying, Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Physical Violence: Common and Associated With Burnout in Pediatric Residents.","volume":"20","author":"KJ Kemper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02422-9","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 self-reported gender discrimination and sexual harassment over time.","volume":"20","author":"MA Kisiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmc Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13623699.2018.1540095","article-title":"Violence against health-care workers in a conflict affected city.","volume":"35","author":"RK Lafta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Confl Surviv"},{"issue":"507","key":"pgph.0003336.ref124","article-title":"The Effects of Emergency Room Violence toward Nurse\u2019s Intention to Leave-Resilience as a Mediator.","volume":"9","author":"JH Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthc Basel Switz."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14268","article-title":"The relationship of workplace violence and nurse outcomes: Gender difference study on a propensity score matched sample.","volume":"76","author":"M Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.05.005","article-title":"Resident experience of abuse and harassment in emergency medicine: ten years later.","volume":"38","author":"SF Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2019.11.44592","article-title":"#MeToo in EM: A Multicenter Survey of Academic Emergency Medicine Faculty on Their Experiences with Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment.","volume":"21","author":"DW Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0003336.ref128","first-page":"442","article-title":"Desgaste Prof O Burn En Los Resid Cirugia Gen Encuesta Asoc Espanola Cir.","volume":"98","author":"V Lucas-Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Burnout in General Surgery Residents. Survey From the Spanish Association of Surgeons."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4103\/JNMS.JNMS_59_19","article-title":"Frequency of violence against nurses and its related factors during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in emergency wards.","volume":"7","author":"MK Margavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nurs Midwifery Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref130","article-title":"Harassment and mental health in surgical training: a pilot survey of surgical trainees in Pakistan.","volume":"71","author":"RS Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002845","article-title":"\u201cYes, I\u2019m the Doctor\u201d: One Department\u2019s Approach to Assessing and Addressing Gender-Based Discrimination in the Modern Medical Training Era.","volume":"94","author":"SK McKinley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13886","article-title":"Bullying, harassment and sexual discrimination among ophthalmologists in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"49","author":"JA Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.01.029","article-title":"Violence and abuse faced by junior physicians in the emergency department from patients and their caretakers: a nationwide study from Pakistan.","volume":"42","author":"NM Mirza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2019.12.001","article-title":"Workplace Violence in the Setting of Pain Management","volume":"4","author":"RN Moman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref135","first-page":"912","article-title":"The Culture of Academic Medicine: Faculty Behaviors Impacting the Learning Environment.","volume":"40","author":"C Moutier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry J Am Assoc Dir Psychiatr Resid Train Assoc Acad Psychiatry."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003336.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20140903-01","article-title":"Differences in Male and Female Nurses\u2019 Responses to Physical Assault by Psychiatric Patients.","volume":"52","author":"LB Moylan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv."},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207769","article-title":"Workplace violence by specialty among Peruvian medical residents.","volume":"13","author":"W Nieto-Gutierrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref138","first-page":"117","article-title":"Violence against health employees in a child health and diseases clinic: A tertiary-level hospital example.","volume":"55","author":"M Oguz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk Pediatri Arsivi"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref139","article-title":"The Cycle of Verbal Violence Among Nurse Colleagues in South Korea.","author":"SH Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586360","article-title":"The Relationship Between Sociodemographic Characteristics, Work Conditions, and Level of \u201cMobbing\u201d of Health Workers in Primary Health Care.","volume":"32","author":"M Picakciefe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"15","key":"pgph.0003336.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515591976","article-title":"Workplace Violence in the Health Sector in Turkey: A National Study.","volume":"32","author":"T Pinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref142","first-page":"502","article-title":"Violence and aggression in the intensive care unit: What is the impact of Australian National Emergency Access Target?","volume":"32","author":"A Pol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care Off J Confed Aust Crit Care Nurses"},{"issue":"24","key":"pgph.0003336.ref143","first-page":"153","article-title":"Perception of security by health workforce at workplace in Nepal.","volume":"11","author":"R Prajapati","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018161","article-title":"Perceived bullying among Norwegian doctors in 1993, 2004 and 2014\u20132015: a study based on cross-sectional and repeated surveys.","volume":"8","author":"J Rosta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0003336.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5577","article-title":"Workplace Bullying Among Family Physicians: A Gender Focused Study.","volume":"25","author":"LP Rouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Womens Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref146","first-page":"179","volume":"12","author":"S Sachdeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perception of Workplace Violence in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"pgph.0003336.ref147","first-page":"S51","article-title":"Workplace aggression: assessment of prevalence in the field of nurse anesthesia.","volume":"79","author":"A Sakellaropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"AANA J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1705092","article-title":"A U.S. Survey of Sexual Harassment in Ophthalmology Training Using a Novel Standardized Scale.","volume":"12","author":"BA Scruggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acad Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pgph.0003336.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.301","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Impact of Hostility, Discrimination, and Harassment in the Cardiology Workplace","volume":"77","author":"G Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-0974-4","article-title":"Gender differences and similarities in medical students\u2019 experiences of mistreatment by various groups of perpetrators.","volume":"17","author":"H Siller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmc Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5327\/Z1679443520200425","article-title":"Workplace violence among municipal health care workers in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2017.","volume":"18","author":"MRL Simoes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Trab Publicacao Of Assoc Nac Med Trab-ANAMT"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.10.071","article-title":"Gender disparity and sexual harassment in vascular surgery practices","volume":"72","author":"MR Smeds","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2013.05.014","article-title":"INCIDENCE AND COST OF NURSE WORKPLACE VIOLENCE PERPETRATED BY HOSPITAL PATIENTS OR PATIENT VISITORS.","volume":"40","author":"KG Speroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.08.014","article-title":"Sexual harassment and gender discrimination in gynecologic oncology","volume":"159","author":"M Stasenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref155","article-title":"Workplace Violence against Health Care Workers in North Chinese Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey.","volume":"14","author":"P Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08708-3","article-title":"Workplace violence against hospital healthcare workers in China: a national WeChat-based survey.","volume":"20","author":"Y Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.02.005","article-title":"Violence toward emergency physicians: A prospective-descriptive study.","volume":"12","author":"K Turgut","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7766","article-title":"#MedToo: A Large-Scale Examination of the Incidence and Impact of Sexual Harassment of Physicians and Other Faculty at an Academic Medical Center.","volume":"29","author":"EA Vargas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Womens Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05084-x","article-title":"Determinants of aggression against all health care workers in a large-sized university hospital.","volume":"20","author":"E Viottini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmc Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref160","first-page":"159","article-title":"Aggression and violence against primary care physicians-a nationwide questionnaire survey.","volume":"112","author":"F Vorderwulbecke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arzteblatt Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.02.064","article-title":"Gender-based discrimination is prevalent in the integrated vascular trainee experience and serves as a predictor of burnout","volume":"71","author":"LJ Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S264178","article-title":"Prevalence of Workplace Violence and Associated Factors Against Nurses Working in Public Health Facilities in Southern Ethiopia.","volume":"13","author":"HN Weldehawaryat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref163","first-page":"111","volume":"114","author":"KE Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Supporting Trainees by Addressing Inappropriate Behaviors by Patients"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2810-2","article-title":"The effects of patients initiated aggression on Chinese medical students\u2019 career planning.","volume":"17","author":"Z Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmc Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2017.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence and Forms of Workplace Bullying Among Health-care Professionals in Cyprus: Greek Version of \u201cLeymann Inventory of Psychological Terror\u201d Instrument.","volume":"9","author":"T Zachariadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"pgph.0003336.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2009.03118.x","article-title":"Perceived aggression towards nurses: study in two Italian health institutions.","volume":"19","author":"A Zampieron","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.06.013","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors of workplace violence on psychiatric nurses and its impact on their quality of life in China.","volume":"210","author":"JY Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003336.ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208693","article-title":"Gender differences in workplace violence against physicians of obstetrics and gynecology in China: A questionnaire in the national congress.","volume":"13","author":"L Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043675","article-title":"Workplace Violence against Health Care Providers in Emergency Departments of Public Hospitals in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study.","volume":"20","author":"O Al Khatib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref170","article-title":"Reducing Violence in Riyadh\u2019s Emergency Departments: The Critical Role of Healthcare Providers.","volume":"11","author":"AM Al-Wathinani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthc Basel Switz."},{"issue":"29","key":"pgph.0003336.ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34094","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034094","article-title":"Physical workplace violence in the health sector in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"102","author":"AK Alhassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10080-y","article-title":"Sexual workplace violence in the health sector in Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study.","volume":"23","author":"AK AlHassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.6965","article-title":"Gender bias and \u201cdoctor brides\u201d. A social dilemma of medical students in Pakistan.","volume":"73","author":"M Ashraf","year":"2023","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1167","key":"pgph.0003336.ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgac004","article-title":"Gender differences in bullying among internal medicine residents","volume":"99","author":"MS Ayyala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0003336.ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013101","article-title":"ViSHWaS: Violence Study of Healthcare Workers and Systems-a global survey","volume":"8","author":"A Banga","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"pgph.0003336.ref176","first-page":"3496","article-title":"Gender related trends among Israeli ophthalmologists professional career and personal life performance.","volume":"37","author":"IS Barequet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Lond Engl"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref177","article-title":"Prevalence of Workplace Violence and Associated Factors Against Nurses Working in Public Hospitals in Northeastern Ethiopia, 2022.","volume":"9","author":"YE Bekalu","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v46i1.2350","article-title":"Self-reported incidents of violence towards nurses working in acute psychiatric units.","volume":"46","author":"N Bekelepi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curationis."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref179","first-page":"132","article-title":"Everyday sexism in nursing degrees: A cross-sectional, multicenter study.","author":"A Biurrun-Garrido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2023.2167207","article-title":"Medical Students\u2019 Experiences of Mistreatment by Clinicians and Academics at a South African University.","volume":"36","author":"KE Crombie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med.Jan"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref181","article-title":"Assaults and Microaggressions Against Psychiatric Residents: Findings from a US Survey.","author":"D Dawson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry J Am Assoc Dir Psychiatr Resid Train Assoc Acad Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref182","first-page":"252","article-title":"Workplace bullying and sexual harassment among general surgery residents in Colombia.","volume":"43","author":"LC Dominguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acoso Labor Sex En Resid Cirugia Gen En Colomb"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref183","first-page":"1","article-title":"Discrimination and Abuse Among Healthcare Workers from Patients and their Relatives at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya.","author":"FA Ebrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Med Wash DC."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2023.02.075","article-title":"International Cross-Sectional Survey of Bullying, Undermining, and Harassment in the Vascular Workplace","volume":"65","author":"RO Forsythe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref185","first-page":"533","volume":"89","author":"A Grover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Patient and Family Mistreatment of Residents in the Surgical Learning Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-023-00629-6","article-title":"Canadian Women in Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery part 1: the relationship of gender identity to career trajectory and experiences of harassment.","volume":"52","author":"K Ioanidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102201","article-title":"Association of burnout and harassment among cardiology trainees: Pakistan\u2019s perspective.","volume":"49","author":"SJ Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref188","article-title":"Violence against Emergency Nurses in Kermanshah-Iran: Prevalence and Associated Factors.","volume":"2023","author":"M Janatolmakan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Res Pract."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref189","article-title":"Workplace aggressions on hospital workers: A current and prevalent problem with a high demand for training.","author":"L Lorente Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work Read Mass"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref190","first-page":"29","article-title":"Exploring National Trends and Organizational Predictors of Violence and Mistreatment From Patients and Visitors.","volume":"69","author":"KA Meese","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Healthc Manag.Feb 1"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.09.030","article-title":"Gender differences in workplace violence against physicians and nurses in Latin America: a survey from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology.","volume":"225","author":"JB Parodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Elsevier.Dec"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003336.ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101691","article-title":"Bullying in Cardiology: Pakistan\u2019s Perspective.","volume":"48","author":"S Rashid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref193","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patient Initiated Discrimination and Harassment-A Descriptive Survey of Experiences Within a Single Academic Department.","volume":"43","author":"S Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s44186-023-00129-1","article-title":"Attributions and perpetrators of incivility in academic surgery","volume":"2","author":"KB Santosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Surg Educ J Assoc Surg Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref195","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of workplace violence on health workers injuries and workplace absenteeism in Bangladesh.","volume":"8","author":"Mahumud RA Parvez Mosharaf Md","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002457","article-title":"Interpersonal Interactions and Biases in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency: Do Experiences Differ Based on Gender?.","volume":"481","author":"Collaborative Orthopaedic Educational Research Group","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003336.ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288855","article-title":"Gender-based violence among healthcare students: Prevalence, description and associated factors.","volume":"18","author":"MP Tavolacci","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"101669345","key":"pgph.0003336.ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47377","DOI":"10.2196\/47377","article-title":"Systematic Violence Monitoring to Reduce Underreporting and to Better Inform Workplace Violence Prevention Among Health Care Workers: Before-and-After Prospective Study.","volume":"9","author":"G Veronesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref199","first-page":"1","article-title":"Professional Preparedness Implications of Workplace Violence against Medical Students in Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study.","author":"LG Vu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inq"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0003336.ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1780","article-title":"Negative association between workplace violence and patient safety behaviour in male, but not female, nursing interns: A cross\u2010section study.","volume":"10","author":"Q Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Open."},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2023.09.027","article-title":"Self-reported Patient-perpetrated Sexual Harassment and Subsequent Reporting Among Health Care Clinicians in Urology and Obstetrics-Gynecology: A Cohort Survey","volume":"182","author":"CS Nam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-022-00784-3","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of workplace violence against emergency physicians in China: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"21","author":"S Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref203","first-page":"191","article-title":"Physical assault among nursing staff employed in acute care.","volume":"35","author":"RL Rodriguez-Acosta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work Read Mass"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0003336.ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304519","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Workplace Violence Against General Practitioners in Hubei, China.","volume":"108","author":"Y Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.018","article-title":"Risk factors associated with patient and visitor violence in general hospitals: Results of a multiple regression analysis.","volume":"50","author":"S Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref206","first-page":"409","volume":"32","author":"X Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Specialty Gender Composition and Prevalence of Physician Harassment"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref207","first-page":"633","article-title":"Horizontal Violence Toward Emergency Medicine Residents: Gender as a Risk Factor.","volume":"23","author":"AA Jacobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med Integrating Emerg Care Popul Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00644-w","article-title":"Fear of future workplace violence and its influencing factors among nurses in Shandong, China: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"20","author":"C Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmc Nurs."},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.04.032","article-title":"Revealing hidden experiences: Gendered microaggressions and surgical faculty burnout.","volume":"172","author":"Lund S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1378","article-title":"Intensive care units nurses\u2019 burnout, organizational commitment, turnover intention and hospital workplace violence: A cross-sectional study.","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Open."},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0000000000000015","article-title":"Bullying among nursing staff: Relationship with psychological\/behavioral responses of nurses and medical errors.","volume":"40","author":"W Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Care Manage Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000077","article-title":"Lateral hostilities among nurses employed in intensive care units, emergency departments, operating rooms, and emergency medical services. A national survey in Italy.","volume":"33","author":"S Bambi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs DCCN"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-014-9339-7","article-title":"Verbal, Physical and Sexual Abuse Status Against Operating Room Nurses in Turkey.","volume":"32","author":"YE Tekin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Disabil."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.37464\/2014.314.1591","article-title":"Violence against health care staff by peers and managers in a general hospital in Greece: a questionnaire-based study.","volume":"31","author":"E Koukia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12519","article-title":"Workplace bullying among operating room nurses in China: A cross-sectional survey.","volume":"57","author":"YM Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref216","article-title":"Perception of Racial and Intersectional Discrimination in the Workplace Is High Among Black Orthopaedic Surgeons: Results of a Survey of 274 Black Orthopaedic Surgeons in Practice.","author":"GE Ode","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"pgph.0003336.ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15671","article-title":"Relationships among sex, empowerment, workplace bullying and job turnover intention of new graduate nurses.","volume":"30","author":"A Favaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.012","article-title":"The relationship between perceived competence and perceived workplace bullying among registered nurses: A cross sectional survey.","volume":"88","author":"RF Obeidat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0003336.ref219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137105","article-title":"A National Study on Nurses\u2019 Exposure to Occupational Violence in Lebanon: Prevalence, Consequences and Associated Factors.","volume":"10","author":"M Alameddine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos One."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12170","article-title":"Physical and verbal workplace violence against nurses in Jordan.","volume":"62","author":"H. Al-Omari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3182028d55","article-title":"Workplace Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors in the Safe at Work Study.","volume":"53","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2010.00834.x","article-title":"Workplace violence against Iranian nurses working in emergency departments.","volume":"58","author":"M Esmaeilpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4314\/ajpsy.v14i2.4","article-title":"Patient aggression in psychiatric services: the experience of a sample of nurses at two psychiatric facilities in Nigeria.","volume":"14","author":"BO James","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2012.651570","article-title":"Violence towards personnel in out-of-hours primary care: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"30","author":"TS Joa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.09.013","article-title":"Workplace Violence, Workforce Stability, and Well-being in China\u2019s Psychiatric Hospitals.","volume":"62","author":"X Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003336.ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033819","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033819","article-title":"Prevalence of bullying in the nursing workplace and determinant factors: a nationwide cross-sectional Polish study survey","volume":"9","author":"LI Serafin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4268-x","article-title":"Workplace bullying and its preventive measures and productivity among emergency department nurses.","volume":"19","author":"SH Al-Ghabeesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmc Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190882","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0882","article-title":"Physical violence and verbal abuse against nurses working with risk stratification: characteristics, related factors, and consequences.","volume":"73","author":"JB Ceballos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm."},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003336.ref229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0b013e31826a208f","article-title":"The Degree of Horizontal Violence in RNs Practicing in New York State.","volume":"42","author":"KF Sellers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12609","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of factors related to inpatient assault of staff in a forensic psychiatric hospital.","volume":"71","author":"EL Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"pgph.0003336.ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12660","article-title":"Workplace violence against clinicians in Cypriot emergency departments: a national questionnaire survey.","volume":"24","author":"P Vezyridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref232","first-page":"551","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses in three different Greek healthcare settings.","volume":"53","author":"E Fafliora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Work Read Mass"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003336.ref233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1071\/AH11048","article-title":"Bullying in the Australian medical workforce: cross-sectional data from an Australian e-Cohort study.","volume":"36","author":"DA Askew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev Publ Aust Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref234","article-title":"Experiences of Workplace Violence Among Healthcare Providers in Myanmar: A Cross-sectional Survey Study.","volume":"12","author":"B Lindquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.05.007","article-title":"Acute Workplace Hazards in Orthopedic Surgery: Resident Survey Regarding Splash and Workplace Violence Events.","volume":"77","author":"N Yohe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref236","first-page":"46","article-title":"Violence on doctors. An observational study in Northern Italy.","volume":"111","author":"A Firenze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref237","first-page":"284","article-title":"Clinical violence in nursing students.","volume":"16","author":"A Aghajanloo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref238","article-title":"Discrimination, Microaggressions, and Perceptions of Institutional Response in an Academic Obstetrics and Gynecology Department.","volume":"13","author":"H Farid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003336.ref239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22851","article-title":"Psychosomatic symptoms among Palestinian nurses exposed to workplace aggression.","volume":"61","author":"Y Jaradat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003057","article-title":"Common Types of Gender-Based Microaggressions in Medicine.","volume":"95","author":"VS Periyakoil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NEP.0000000000000284","article-title":"How Gender Affects Experiences With Bullying in Prelicensure BSN Programs: A Pilot Study.","volume":"39","author":"JA Vingers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs Educ Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003336.ref242","article-title":"Bullying in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Survey of US Orthopaedic Trainees and Attending Surgeons.","volume":"7","author":"MM DiFiori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev"},{"issue":"101578780","key":"pgph.0003336.ref243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04013","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04013","article-title":"Occurrence and correlated factors of physical and verbal violence among emergency physicians in China.","volume":"13","author":"Y Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/lkm003","article-title":"Addressing Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Review of Interventions.","volume":"22","author":"A Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Bank Res Obs."},{"issue":"03","key":"pgph.0003336.ref245","first-page":"234","article-title":"Gender-Based Violence in Higher Education: An Integrative Review.","volume":"10","author":"A. Makhene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open J Soc Sci"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2015.11.004","article-title":"Midwifery student exposure to workplace violence in clinical settings: An exploratory study.","volume":"17","author":"L McKenna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-018-0019-8","article-title":"The Role of Social Support in the Link Between Economic Abuse and Economic Hardship.","volume":"35","author":"RJ Voth Schrag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Violence.Jan 1"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003336.ref248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196545","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545","article-title":"Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons","volume":"2","author":"A Salles","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref249","volume-title":"Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey [Internet].","author":"J Grant","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-021-00569-0","article-title":"Uganda\u2019s response to sexual harassment in the public health sector: from \u201cDying Silently\u201d to gender-transformational HRH policy.","volume":"19","author":"C Newman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003336.ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.01.002","article-title":"The Current State of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in the Radiology Workplace: A Survey.","volume":"29","author":"MA Pitot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2017.01.008","article-title":"Workplace violence against women nurses working in two public sector hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.","volume":"65","author":"SR Jafree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"pgph.0003336.ref253","article-title":"Prevention Strategies for Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine: A Qualitative Study.","author":"SC Jenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003336.ref254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079920938001","article-title":"\u201cNot a Woman-Question, But a Power-Question\u201d: A Qualitative Study of Third Parties on Psychological Violence in Academic Medicine.","volume":"69","author":"H Siller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003336.ref255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/15271544231182583","article-title":"Workplace Violence Against Nurses in Canada: A Legal Analysis.","volume":"24","author":"S Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Policy Polit Nurs Pract."}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T18:41:39Z","timestamp":1719945699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003336"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nazik","family":"Hammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":255,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003336","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}}}