{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:45:06Z","timestamp":1792500306751,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IT1493-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1493-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019616","name":"Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Rolling Seed Grant: International Research Team for a cross-cultural comparison on health disparities U.S. vs. Spain during COVID-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Rolling Seed Grant: International Research Team for a cross-cultural comparison on health disparities U.S. vs. Spain during COVID-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic had a detrimental effect on mental health since its start in 2020 and current data on mental health is limited. This study provides recent longitudinal data on psychological distress among a country-wide sample of adults. We recruited and surveyed 1,956 adults in Spain in April 2021 and August 2022 on sociodemographic- and pandemic-related psychological distress using the General Distress 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Paired sampled t-tests assessed DASS scores by sex from April 2021 to August 2022; and one-way ANOVAs assessed DASS scores across sociodemographic characteristics. Results showed that psychological distress slightly improved across the total sample from April 2021 to August 2022; though females, young adults, students, and individuals with lower income experienced more psychological distress. Increases in severe stress scores were found particularly among men. Our data provides an overview of the psychological distress of Spanish adults 2.5 years into the pandemic and provides novel evidence that though life has resumed a sense of normalcy after the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of key populations (e.g., females, young adults, students, low-income) is still suffering and further intervention and resources are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T17:31:47Z","timestamp":1721237507000},"page":"e0003389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Our lifestyles are back to \u2018normal\u2019, but is our mental health? Longitudinal assessment of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among Spanish adults: April 2021 to August 2022"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-5682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aviana O.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-718X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen B.","family":"Mistler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nekane","family":"Balluerka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-3488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arantxa","family":"Gorostiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania B.","family":"Huedo-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0003389.ref001","author":"United Nations","year":"2023","journal-title":"WHO Chief Declares end to COVID-19 as a global health emergency"},{"key":"pgph.0003389.ref002","author":"United Nations","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Brief: COVID-19 and the need for action on mental health"},{"key":"pgph.0003389.ref003","first-page":"7067437221140375","article-title":"Suicidal Ideation Amongst University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Time Trends and Risk Factors","author":"LB Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"48","key":"pgph.0003389.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32068","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032068","article-title":"College students\u2019 anxiety after returning to school during the COVID-19 epidemic: What should we care.","volume":"101","author":"T Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"pgph.0003389.ref005","article-title":"The emotional state of young people in northern Spain after one year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"N Ozamiz-Etxebarria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003389.ref006","article-title":"Older Adults and Positive Mental Health during the Second and Sixth COVID-19 Waves in Spain.","volume":"10","author":"C Moret-Tatay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)."},{"key":"pgph.0003389.ref007","article-title":"Mental health inequalities in times of crisis: evolution between 2005 and 2021 among the Spanish salaried population.","author":"L Esteve-Matal\u00ed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"pgph.0003389.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Too many lemons to make lemonade? 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