{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:39:42Z","timestamp":1793209182965,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1195617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1195617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major zoonotic foodborne pathogen that poses a significant public health threat, particularly among children and immunocompromised individuals. However, data on the occurrence and sources of\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection remain scarce in Ethiopia. This study assessed the occurrence, diversity, and relationships between\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    from diarrheic children and potential exposure sources using whole-genome sequencing. Through case-based tracing, animal, food, and environmental samples were collected from Harar town and Kersa district between November 2021 and January 2023.\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified using selective media, and DNA was extracted and sequenced with the Illumina NextSeq 550 instrument. Sequence reads were analysed using bioinformatics tools. The overall\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence in the exposure sources was 5.5%, with 6.0% in urban and 5.0% in rural settings.\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection was 1.8 times more likely in household samples (8.7%; OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.7\u20134.5) than in samples from marketplaces. The occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    in food was 4.2%, with no significant differences across the meat, milk, and other food categories. The likelihood of\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination in the environment was 5.8 times higher in the presence of poultry (17.7%; OR = 5.8; CI: 1.1\u201330.6) compared to shoats. Sequence analysis identified a low\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. diversity comprising only\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which were characterized by 8 distinct sequence types (STs). Phylogenetically, the majority of the sequenced case isolates were clustered with isolates from either caretakers, environmental exposures, or both. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in various exposure sources of diarrheic children, and its occurrence did not differ significantly between Kersa and Harar or among food items. The majority of isolates shared MLST profiles and clustered together, demonstrating the involvement of multiple vectors in the transmission of the pathogen. Genome-based integrated studies supported by an attribution model are recommended to determine the relative contribution of each source.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T13:30:00Z","timestamp":1730208600000},"page":"e0003885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Occurrence and diversity of Campylobacter species in diarrheic children and their exposure environments in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6004-5428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dinaol","family":"Belina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Gobena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameha","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meseret","family":"Chimdessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Mummed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8566-6491","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cecilie Amalie Neijendam","family":"Thystrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-9792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tine","family":"Hald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref001","volume-title":"Campylobacter","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref002","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis CDC Yellow Book 2024","author":"F Tobolowsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003885.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0266976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266976","article-title":"Prevalence, determinants, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter infection among under-five children with diarrhea at Governmental Hospitals in Hawassa city, Sidama, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Y Behailu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref004","first-page":"5","volume-title":"National and Sub-National Burden of Diarrheal Disease in Ethiopia, 1990 to 2019","author":"NDMC","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003885.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0012241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012241","article-title":"Campylobacter occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile in under five-year-old diarrheal children, backyard farm animals, and companion pets","volume":"18","author":"W Mulu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003885.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0265271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265271","article-title":"Prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens from diarrheic patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"AM Beyene","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S438370","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children with Diarrhea at Randomly Selected Public Health Facilities in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"KA Abay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of selected foodborne pathogens in human and different environmental samples in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"D Belina","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Heal Outlook"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2022.104145","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter species and associated risk factors for contamination of dairy products collected in a dry season from major milk sheds in Ethiopia","volume":"109","author":"A Admasie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref010","article-title":"Co-occurrence of Campylobacter Species in Children From Eastern Ethiopia, and Their Association With Environmental Enteric Dysfunction, Diarrhea, and Host Microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Y Terefe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front public Heal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003885.ref011","article-title":"Prevalence of Thermophilic Campylobacter and their Antimicrobial Resistance Profile in Food Animals in Lare District, Nuer Zone, Gambella, Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"A Abamecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Drug Res Dev"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750551","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.750551","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Campylobacter Species in Livestock, Humans, and Water in Livestock Owning Households of Peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A One Health Approach","volume":"9","author":"G Chala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00405-8","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter species in human, animal and food of animal origin and their antimicrobial susceptibility in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"T Zenebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref014","first-page":"135","article-title":"Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Dovepress Community knowledge and the role of health extension workers on integrated diseases among households in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"A Seyoum","year":"2016"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref015","unstructured":"UNICEF. Situation Analysis of Children and Women: Harari. In 2019 [cited 2023 Sep 3]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/ethiopia\/media\/2546\/file\/Harari region.pdf."},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref016","unstructured":"ERCS. Ethiopia Harar Town Integrated WASH Response Skybird Project | Skybird Programme. Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS). 2022 [cited 2023 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/skybird-wash.net\/2022\/11\/27\/1668\/."},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S375043","article-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Ethiopia: An Urgent Call for Action on \u201cOne Health.\u201d","volume":"15","author":"T Asfaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361231196527","article-title":"Occurrence of Diarrheagenic Pathogens and Their Coinfection Profiles in Diarrheic Under Five Children and Tracked Human Contacts in Urban and Rural Settings of Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"D Belina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Insights"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv284","article-title":"Health & Demographic Surveillance System Profile HDSS Profile: The Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System","volume":"45","author":"N Assefa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241288167","article-title":"Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens in Animal, Food, and Environmental Samples Collected from the Physical Exposure of Children with Diarrhea in Ethiopia: A One Health Approach","volume":"18","author":"T Gobena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Health Insights"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-635x1801023-028","article-title":"Evaluation of the Direct and Enrichment Iso 10272 Methods for the Detection of Campylobacter Spp. in Chicken Meat","volume":"18","author":"I Ferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazilian J Poult Sci"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.103114","volume-title":"Isolation and Identification of Campylobacter spp. from Food and Food-Related Environment","author":"H Huang","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00786-2","article-title":"Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. from humans and livestock in Nigeria","volume":"29","author":"BJ Audu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref024","article-title":"Detection and enumeration of Campylobacter species National Infection Service","volume":"4","author":"Public Health England","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food, Water & Environmental Microbiology Standard Method FNES15 (F21)"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref025","unstructured":"Zymo Research Corp. Quick-DNATM Fungal\/Bacterial Miniprep Kit.Catalog Numbers: D6005. 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 6]. Report No.: Ver.2.2.2. Available from: www.zymoresearch.com."},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref026","unstructured":"Illumina Inc. Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit. 2014 [cited 2024 Aug 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.illumina.com\/products\/by-type\/sequencing-kits\/library-prep-kits\/nextera-xt-dna.html."},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0003885.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185056","article-title":"BBMerge\u2013Accurate paired shotgun read merging via overlap","volume":"12","author":"B Bushnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref028","unstructured":"Andrews S. Babraham Bioinformatics\u2014FastQC A Quality Control tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.102","article-title":"Using SPAdes De Novo Assembler","volume":"70","author":"A Prjibelski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinforma"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003885.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing of Total-Genome-Sequenced Bacteria","volume":"50","author":"M V. Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.14-23.2001","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing System for Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"39","author":"KE Dingle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0003885.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104984","article-title":"Solving the Problem of Comparing Whole Bacterial Genomes across Different Sequencing Platforms","volume":"9","author":"RS Kaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"W1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"I Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0003885.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0304409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304409","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infection, determinants and antimicrobial resistance patterns among under-five children with diarrhea in Amhara National Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"MI Worku","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"161","key":"pgph.0003885.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2019.168777","article-title":"Prevalence Of Campylobacter Spp. and Its Pathogenic Genes in Poultry meat, Human and Environment in Aswan, Upper Egypt","volume":"65","author":"M. Karmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref036","author":"M Yirgalem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Isolation, molecular detection and antimicrobial susceptibility proles of Campylobacter from camel meat, feces and processing environments at municipal abattoirs in eastern Ethiopia. rs.3.rs-4173994\/v1[preprint]"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02879-w","article-title":"Campylobacter prevalence from food, animals, human and environmental samples in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"E Ansarifar","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211000911","article-title":"Salmonella and Shigella and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among adult patients with complaints of diarrhea at Hawassa comprehensive specialized hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"K Abera","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0003885.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-146","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in Retail Chicken, Beef, Lamb, and Pork Products in Three Australian States","volume":"82","author":"LJ Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"KM Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979055","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.979055","article-title":"Global epidemiology of campylobacteriosis and the impact of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003885.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030111","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Poultry in Three Spanish Farms, A Slaughterhouse and A further processing plant","volume":"8","author":"I Perez-Arnedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref043","first-page":"149","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter in Milk and Milk Products in Ethiopia","author":"A Admasie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref044","first-page":"e00223","article-title":"Levels of microbial contamination in non-alcoholic beverages from selected eastern Ethiopian towns markets","volume":"7","author":"A Hiko","year":"2020","journal-title":"SciAf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-018-0269-2","article-title":"The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in vegetables, fruits, and fresh produce: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"H Mohammadpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.002","article-title":"Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in food from selected African countries\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"249","author":"N Paudyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0003885.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-353","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Retail Chicken, Turkey, Pork, and Beef Meat in Poland between 2009 and 2013","volume":"78","author":"D Korsak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003885.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2015-0166","article-title":"Investigation of prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in livestock feces","volume":"97","author":"E Rahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref049","volume-title":"Curr Top Salmonella and Salmonellosis","author":"A El Boulani","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166410","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology of Campylobacter spp.: A systematic review and meta-analysis of influent, effluent, and removal of wastewater treatment plants","volume":"903","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029295","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3029295","article-title":"Microbial Contamination, an Increasing Threat to the Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Today\u2019s World","volume":"2020","author":"GI Balali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0003885.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.4.1876-1882.2005","article-title":"Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter spp. in Environmental Water Samples from a 100-Square-Kilometer Predominantly Dairy Farming Area","volume":"71","author":"R Kemp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003885.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2013.285-287","article-title":"Prevalence of campylobacter species in ground water in Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"AN Ugboma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0003885.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref055","article-title":"Factors Associated with Foodborne Pathogens among Food Handlers: A Case Study of Thika, Kiambu County, Kenya","volume":"2023","author":"JM Kimemia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Public Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12488","article-title":"Role of environmental survival in transmission of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"356","author":"C Bronowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0003885.ref057","first-page":"1","article-title":"A combined case-control and molecular source attribution study of human Campylobacter infections in Germany, 2011\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"BM Rosner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003885.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002676","article-title":"Source attribution of human campylobacteriosis using a meta-analysis of case-control studies of sporadic infections","volume":"140","author":"AR Domingues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST\/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. 2019 [cited 2024 Aug 14]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46756\/sci.fsa.ksj135.","DOI":"10.46756\/sci.fsa.ksj135"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0003885.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060645","article-title":"Source Attribution of Human Campylobacteriosis Using Whole-Genome Sequencing Data and Network Analysis","volume":"11","author":"L Wainaina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0003885.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246843","article-title":"Genetic characterisation of a subset of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from clinical and poultry sources in Ireland","volume":"16","author":"B Truccollo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003885.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"000941","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000941","article-title":"Whole-genome-based characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from human patients with gastroenteritis collected over an 18 year period reveals increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"9","author":"G Ghielmetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003885.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3390\/genes3020261","article-title":"A Gene-By-Gene Approach to Bacterial Population Genomics: Whole Genome MLST of Campylobacter","volume":"3","author":"SK Sheppard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"pgph.0003885.ref064","article-title":"High diversity of Salmonella spp. from children with diarrhea, food, and environmental sources in Kilimanjaro\u2013Tanzania: one health approach","volume":"14","author":"EA Hugho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0003885.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020327","article-title":"Genomic Analysis Points to Multiple Genetic Mechanisms for Non-Transformable Campylobacter jejuni ST-50","volume":"12","author":"CT Parker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0003885.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115886","article-title":"The Role of Environmental Reservoirs in Human Campylobacteriosis","volume":"10","author":"H Whiley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T13:30:19Z","timestamp":1730208619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003885"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohan","family":"Amarasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003885","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}}}