{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:52:21Z","timestamp":1789764741436,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008196","name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008196","name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008196","name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008196","name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stop TB"},{"name":"USAID"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultraportable (UP) X-ray devices are ideal to use in community-based settings, particularly for chest X-ray (CXR) screening of tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, there is insufficient guidance on the radiation safety of these devices. This study aims to determine the radiation dose by UP X-ray devices to both the public and radiographers compared to international dose limits. Radiation dose measurements were performed with four UP X-ray devices that met international criteria, utilizing a clinically representative CXR set-up made with a thorax phantom. Scatter and leakage radiation dose were measured at various positions surrounding the phantom and X-ray tube, respectively. These measurements were used to calculate yearly radiation doses for different scenarios based on the median of all UP X-ray devices. From the yearly scatter doses, the minimum distances from the phantom needed to stay below the international public dose limit (1 mSv\/year) were calculated. This distance was longest in the direction back towards the X-ray tube and shortest to the left\/right sides of the phantom, e.g., 4.5 m and 2.5 m resp. when performing 50 exams\/day, at 90\u2009kV, 2.5 mAs and source skin distance (SSD) 1 m. Additional calculations including leakage radiation were conducted at a typical radiographer position (i.e., behind the X-ray tube), with a correction factor for wearing a lead apron. At 2 m behind the X-ray tube, a radiographer wearing a lead apron could perform 106 exams\/day at 2.5 mAs and 29 exams\/day at 10 mAs (90\u2009kV, SSD 1 m), while keeping his\/her radiation dose below the public dose limit (1 mSv\/year) and well below the radiographer dose limit (20 mSv\/year). In most CXR screening scenarios, the radiation dose of UP X-ray devices can be kept below 1 mSv\/year by employing basic radiation safety rules on time, distance and shielding and using appropriate CXR exposure parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T19:21:47Z","timestamp":1737746507000},"page":"e0003986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of scattered and leakage radiation from ultra-portable X-ray systems in chest imaging: An independent study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1678-6827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonie E.","family":"Paulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8155-7115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roald S.","family":"Schnerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarred","family":"Halton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Zhen","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0003986.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0003986.ref002","first-page":"3","article-title":"Portable X-rays \u2013 A new era? 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