{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:54:07Z","timestamp":1777298047956,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the infectious diseases of public health concern globally. Kenya is ranked 15th among the 22 high TB burden countries worldwide, which collectively contribute to 80% of the world\u2019s TB cases. TB Treatment failure is one of the threats to the control of TB. The research aimed at determining affordable predictors of TB treatment failure in a resource limited setting to inform policy in designing public health interventions that are best suited to the country\u2019s needs. To determine the predictors of treatment failure among patients with sputum smear positive pulmonary TB attending selected public health facilities in Nairobi Count. Data was abstracted and summarized from both patients and their medical records, focusing on socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical exposure data. Data was collected from 4 Sub-counties, a total of 21 public health facilities with high case load of pulmonary TB were reached. Utilizing an unmatched case-control design, the study enrolled 81 patients diagnosed with TB treatment failure (cases) and 162 patients who were declared cured after completing their anti-TB treatment (controls. Strengthen contact tracing, screening, and documentation of TB treatment failure cases. Conduct further studies to elucidate the association between HIV and TB treatment failure. The factors significantly associated with treatment failure in this study encompassed prior exposure to first-line anti-Tuberculosis drugs, positive sputum smear at 2 months of treatment, and suboptimal adherence to anti-TB treatment. These findings contribute valuable insights into the identification of simple predictors of TB treatment failure such as utilizing sputum microscopy or gene expert testing at 2 months of treatment to detect individuals at risk and strengthen the implementation of DOT and TB treatment failure contact tracing protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T17:26:15Z","timestamp":1747157175000},"page":"e0004131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictors of treatment failure among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis attending public health facilities in Nairobi county"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Faith Muthoki","family":"Mwanzui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex Kigundu","family":"Muriithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman Owuor","family":"Weyenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0004131.ref001","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2020\u2013reflections on the global TB burden, treatment and prevention efforts","author":"J Chakaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0004131.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy081","article-title":"Contribution of smoking to tuberculosis incidence and mortality in high-tuberculosis-burden countries","volume":"187","author":"GA Amere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004131.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.24248\/easci.v4i1.57","article-title":"Isoniazid and Rifampicin tuberculosis drug resistance in HIV endemic region of Western Kenya","volume":"4","author":"F Ogumbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"EASci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004131.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment non-adherence and lost to follow up among TB patients with or without HIV in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"HH Tola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0004131.ref005","first-page":"837","article-title":"Isolation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains in patients from private and public health care facilities in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"8","author":"WA Githui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004131.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00807-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis poor treatment outcomes and its determinants in Kilifi County, Kenya: a retrospective cohort study from 2012 to 2019","volume":"80","author":"GG Katana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0004131.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221145","article-title":"Diagnostic practices and estimated burden of tuberculosis among children admitted to 13 government hospitals in Kenya: An analysis of two years\u2019 routine clinical data","volume":"14","author":"JN Oliwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0004131.ref008","article-title":"Psychological and educational intervention to improve tuberculosis treatment adherence in Ethiopia based on health belief model: a cluster randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"HH Tola","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0004131.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002595","article-title":"Adherence interventions and outcomes of tuberculosis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies","volume":"15","author":"N Alipanah","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004131.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4765-x","article-title":"Does phone messaging improves tuberculosis treatment success? 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